What Do LLMs Learn First? Asymmetric Learning Dynamics of Input Complexity and Output Ambiguity in Preference Alignment

摘要

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has become a standard approach for aligning large language models with human preferences, yet existing methods treat all preference pairs uniformly during training. We identify two distinct sources of learning difficulty: Input Complexity (IC), capturing prompt understanding challenges, and Output Ambiguity (OA), measuring preference discrimination difficulty. Through systematic analysis, we demonstrate that these dimensions induce asymmetric learning dynamics, with IC-related competencies developing rapidly in early training while OA-related competencies emerge more gradually. Building on this observation, we propose DECOPO, a training framework that maintains separate, adaptive pacing schedules for each dimension. Experiments on UltraFeedback show that DECOPO achieves 42.3% length-controlled win rate on AlpacaEval 2.0 and 7.66 on MT-Bench, outperforming curriculum baselines by 2.1% and 0.21 points respectively, while matching full-data baseline performance with only 75% of training samples.