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Shivanand Kundargi, Tejas Anvekar, Ramesh Tabib, Uma Mudenagudi

Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) have been extensively explored as a leading approach for modeling and representing 3D data across various domains. Their ability to capture arbitrary scale point clouds and generate novel views makes them particularly valuable for digitizing cultural heritage sites. However, despite their impressive rendering capabilities, prior methods have often overlooked a significant real-world challenge: handling open-world scenarios characterized by unstructured data containing multiple classes in a single set of unlabeled images. To address this challenge, we propose a novel method NCD-NeRF that leverages Novel-Class Discovery to effectively tackle the complexities inherent in real-world data with unlabeled classes while excelling in producing high-quality NeRF representation. To validate our approach, we conducted a benchmarking analysis using a custom-collected dataset featuring UNESCO World Heritage sites in India. We observe that our proposed NCD-NeRF can parallely discover novel classes and render high-quality 3D volumes.

Daya Kumar, Abhijith Sharma, Apurva Narayan

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are being increasingly adopted in medical imaging. However, in the race for developing accurate models, their robustness is often overlooked. This elicits a significant concern given the safety-critical nature of the healthcare system. Here, we highlight the vulnerability of CNNs against a sporadic and naturalistic adversarial patch attack (SNAP). We train SNAP to mislead the ResNet50 model predicting metastasis in histopathological scans of lymph node sections, lowering the accuracy by 27%. This work emphasizes the need for defense strategies before deploying CNNs in critical healthcare settings.

Ryan Koo, Yekyung Kim, Dongyeop Kang, Jaehyung Kim

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is crucial for robust NLP models. Recent works observe two OOD types: background shifts (style change) and semantic shifts (content change), but existing detection methods vary in effectiveness for each type. To this end, we propose Meta-Crafting, a unified OOD detection method by constructing a new discriminative feature space utilizing 7 model-driven metadata chosen empirically that well detects both types of shifts. Our experimental results demonstrate state-of-the-art robustness to both shifts and significantly improved detection on stress datasets.

Rui Kong, Chenyang Wu, Zongzhang Zhang

Current policy gradient techniques excel in refining policies over sampled states but falter when generalizing to unseen states. To address this, we introduce Reinforcement Sampling (RS), a novel method leveraging a generalizable action value function to sample improved decisions. RS is able to improve the decision quality whenever the action value estimation is accurate. It works by improving the agent's decision on the fly on the states the agent is visiting. Compared with the historically experienced states in which conventional policy gradient methods improve the policy, the currently visited states are more relevant to the agent. Our method sufficiently exploits the generalizability of the value function on unseen states and sheds new light on the future development of generalizable reinforcement learning.

Taeyoung Kim, Dongsoo Har

In multi-goal reinforcement learning with a sparse binary reward, training agents is particularly challenging, due to a lack of successful experiences. To solve this problem, hindsight experience replay (HER) generates successful experiences even from unsuccessful ones. However, generating successful experiences from uniformly sampled ones is not an efficient process. In this paper, the impact of exploiting the property of achieved goals in generating successful experiences is investigated and a novel cluster-based sampling strategy is proposed. The proposed sampling strategy groups episodes with different achieved goals by using a cluster model and samples experiences in the manner of HER to create the training batch. The proposed method is validated by experiments with three robotic control tasks of the OpenAI Gym. The results of experiments demonstrate that the proposed method is substantially sample efficient and achieves better performance than baseline approaches.

Jongseok Kim, Ohyun Jo

This work proposes and analyzes IncepSeqNet which is a new model combining the Inception Module with the innovative Multi-Shape Augmentation technique. IncepSeqNet excels in feature extraction from sequence signal data consisting of a number of complex numbers to achieve superior classification accuracy across various SNR(Signal-to-Noise Ratio) environments. Experimental results demonstrate IncepSeqNet’s outperformance of existing models, particularly at low SNR levels. Furthermore, we have confirmed its applicability in practical 5G systems by using real-world signal data.

Aditya Kasliwal, Aryan Kamani, Ishaan Gakhar, Pratinav Seth, Sriya Rallabandi

Recent advances in image-to-image translation involve the integration of non-visual imagery in deep models. Non-visual sensors, although more costly, often produce low-resolution images. To combat this, methods using RGB images to enhance the resolution of these modalities have been introduced. Fusing these modalities to achieve high-resolution results demands models with millions of parameters and extended inference times. We present LaMAR, a lightweight model. It employs Laplacian image pyramids combined with a low-resolution thermal image for Guided Thermal Super Resolution. By decomposing the RGB image into a Laplacian pyramid, LaMAR preserves image details and avoids high-resolution feature map computations, ensuring efficiency. With faster inference times and fewer parameters, our model demonstrates state-of-the-art results.

Yash Kankariya, Suguman Bansal

Prior compositional methods in LTLf to DFA conversion have focussed on improving the composition phase. In this work, we examine improvements to the decomposition phase that result in overall improvements in LTLf to DFA translation. Our work is based on reducing the structure of the underlying Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) of a formula such that the new AST results in fewer composition operations.

Seung Woo Kang, Ohyun Jo

We present an imagification approach for multivariate time-series data tailored to constrained NN-based forecasting model training environments. Our imagification process consists of two key steps: Re-stacking and time embedding. In the Re-stacking stage, time-series data are arranged based on high correlation, forming the first image channel using a sliding window technique. The time embedding stage adds two additional image channels by incorporating real-time information. We evaluate our method by comparing it with three benchmark imagification techniques using a simple CNN-based model. Additionally, we conduct a comparison with LSTM, a conventional time-series forecasting model. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed approach achieves three times faster model training termination while maintaining forecasting accuracy.

Inwon Kang, Parikshit Ram, Yi Zhou, Horst Samulowitz, Oshani Seneviratne

Data distillation is a technique of reducing a large dataset into a smaller dataset. The smaller dataset can then be used to train a model which can perform comparably to a model trained on the full dataset. Past works have examined this approach for image datasets, focusing on neural networks as target models. However, tabular datasets pose new challenges not seen in images. A sample in tabular dataset is a one dimensional vector unlike the two (or three) dimensional pixel grid of images, and Non-NN models such as XGBoost can often outperform neural network (NN) based models. Our contribution in this work is two-fold: 1) We show in our work that data distillation methods from images do not translate directly to tabular data; 2) We propose a new distillation method that consistently outperforms the baseline for multiple different models, including non-NN models such as XGBoost.

Eul Ka, Seungeun Go, Minjin Kwak, Jeong-Hun Kim, Aziz Nasridinov

Solar power generation has recently been in the spotlight as global warming continues to worsen. However, two significant problems may hinder solar power generation, considering that solar panels are installed outside. The first is soiling, which accumulates on solar panels, and the second is a decrease in sunlight owing to bad weather. In this paper, we will demonstrate that the solar power generation forecasting can increase when considering soiling and sunlight information. We first introduce a dataset containing images of clean and soiled solar panels, sky images, and weather information. For accurate solar power generation forecasting, we propose a new multimodal model that aggregates various features related to weather, soiling, and sunlight. The experimental results demonstrated the high accuracy of our proposed multimodal model.

Jinsun Jung, Hyeoneui Kim

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), a promising future technology in the field of healthcare, has attracted significant interest. Despite ongoing efforts in the development of XAI approaches, there has been inadequate evaluation of explanation effectiveness and no standardized framework for the evaluation has been established. This study aims to examine the relationship between subjective interpretability and perceived plausibility for various XAI explanations and to determine the factors affecting users' acceptance of the XAI explanation.

Amelia Jobe, Richard Ky, Sandra Luo, Akshay Dhamsania, Sumit Purohit, Edoardo Serra

Cyberattacks on power grids pose significant risks to national security. Power grid attacks typically lead to abnormal readings in power output, frequency, current, and voltage. Due to the interconnected structure of power grids, abnormalities can spread throughout the system and cause widespread power outages if not detected and dealt with promptly. Our research proposes a novel anomaly detection system for power grids that prevents overfitting. We created a network graph to represent the structure of the power grid, where nodes represent power grid components like generators and edges represent connections between nodes such as overhead power lines. We combine the capabilities of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models with a Graph Isomorphism Network (GIN) in a hybrid model to pinpoint anomalies in the grid. We train our model on each category of nodes that serves a similar structural purpose to prevent overfitting of the model. We then assign each node in the graph a unique signature using a GIN. Our model achieved a 99.92% accuracy rate, which is significantly higher than a version of our model without structural encoding, which had an accuracy level of 97.30%. Our model allows us to capture structural and temporal components of power grids and develop an attack detection system with high accuracy without overfitting.

Yixuan Jin, Yutao Wei, Zhangtao Cheng, Wenxin Tai, Chunjing Xiao, Ting Zhong

The success of graph neural networks (GNNs) has spurred numerous new works leveraging GNNs for modeling multivariate time series anomaly detection. Despite their achieved performance improvements, most of them only consider static graph to describe the spatial-temporal dependencies between time series. Moreover, existing works neglect the time and scale-changing structures of time series. In this work, we propose MDGAD, a novel multi-scale dynamic graph structure learning approach for time series anomaly detection. We design a multi-scale graph structure learning module that captures the complex correlations among time series, constructing an evolving graph at each scale. Meanwhile, an anomaly detector is used to combine bilateral prediction errors to detect abnormal data. Experiments conducted on two time series datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of MDGAD.

Piyush Jha, Joseph Scott, Jaya Sriram Ganeshna, Mudit Singh, Vijay Ganesh

We present a novel tool BertRLFuzzer, a BERT and Reinforcement Learning (RL) based fuzzer aimed at finding security vulnerabilities for Web applications. BertRLFuzzer works as follows: given a set of seed inputs, the fuzzer performs grammar-adhering and attack-provoking mutation operations on them to generate candidate attack vectors. The key insight of BertRLFuzzer is the use of RL with a BERT model as an agent to guide the fuzzer to efficiently learn grammar-adhering and attack-provoking mutation operators. In order to establish the efficacy of BertRLFuzzer we compare it against a total of 13 black box and white box fuzzers over a benchmark of 9 victim websites with over 16K LOC. We observed a significant improvement, relative to the nearest competing tool in terms of time to first attack (54% less), new vulnerabilities found (17 new vulnerabilities), and attack rate (4.4% more attack vectors generated).

Yanlong Huang, Yue Lei, Wenxin Tai, Zhangtao Cheng, Ting Zhong, Kunpeng Zhang

Earnings call transcripts hold valuable insights that are vital for investors and analysts when making informed decisions. However, extracting these insights from lengthy and complex transcripts can be a challenging task. The traditional manual examination is not only time-consuming but also prone to errors and biases. Deep learning-based representation learning methods have emerged as promising and automated approaches to tackle this problem. Nevertheless, they may encounter significant challenges, such as the unreliability of the representation encoding process and certain domain-specific requirements in the context of finance. To address these issues, we propose a novel transcript representation learning model. Our model leverages the structural information of transcripts to effectively extract key insights, while endowing model with explainability via variational information bottleneck. Extensive experiments on two downstream financial tasks demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.

Madhav Hota, Adel Khorramrouz, Ashiqur R. KhudaBukhsh

On 15 January 2022, noted tennis player Novak Djokovic was deported from Australia due to his unvaccinated status for the COVID-19 vaccine. This paper presents a stance classifier and evaluates public reaction to this episode and the impact of this behavior on social media discourse on YouTube. We observed a significant spike of individuals who supported and opposed his behavior at the time of the episode. Supporters outnumbered those who opposed this behavior by over 4x. Our study reports a disturbing trend that following every major Djokovic win, even now, vaccine skeptics often conflate his tennis success as a fitting reply to vaccine mandates.

Jinyu Hong, Ping Kuang, Qiang Gao, Fan Zhou

In recent intelligent transportation applications, metro flow forecasting has received much attention from researchers. Most prior arts endeavor to explore spatial or temporal dependencies while ignoring the key characteristic patterns underlying historical flows, e.g., trend and periodicity. Although the multiple granularity distillations or spatial dependency correlation can promote the flow estimation. However, the potential noise and spatial dynamics are under-explored. To this end, we propose a novel Disentanglement-Guided Spatial-Temporal Graph Neural Network or DGST to address the above concerns. It contains a Disentanglement Pre-training procedure for characteristic pattern disentanglement learning, a Characteristic Pattern Prediction for different future characteristic explorations, and a Spatial-Temporal Correlation for spatial-temporal dynamic learning. Experiments on a real-world dataset demonstrate the superiority of our DGST.

Ruiqi He, Carlos G. Correa, Tom L. Griffiths, Mark K. Ho

How are people able to plan so efficiently despite limited cognitive resources? We aimed to answer this question by extending an existing model of human task decomposition that can explain a wide range of simple planning problems by adding structure information to the task to facilitate planning in more complex tasks. The extended model was then applied to a more complex planning domain of spatial navigation. Our results suggest that our framework can correctly predict the navigation strategies of the majority of the participants in an online experiment.

Aarushi Gupta, Yuexing Hao, Yuting Yang, Tiancheng Yuan, Matthias Wieland, Parminder S. Basran, Ken Birman

Dairy owners invest heavily to keep their animals healthy. There is good reason to hope that technologies such as computer vision and artificial intelligence (AI) could reduce costs, yet obstacles arise when adapting these advanced tools to farming environments. In this work, we applied AI tools to dairy cow teat localization and teat shape classification, obtaining a model that achieves a mean average precision of 0.783. This digital twin-driven approach is intended as a first step towards automating and accelerating the detection and treatment of hyperkeratosis, mastitis, and other medical conditions that significantly burden the dairy industry.