Although Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated promising versatile capabilities their performance is still inferior to specialized models on downstream tasks which makes adaptation necessary to enhance their utility. However fine-tuning methods require independent training for every model leading to huge computation and memory overheads. In this paper we propose a novel setting where we aim to improve the performance of diverse MLLMs with a group of shared parameters optimized for a downstream task. To achieve this we propose Transferable Visual Prompting (TVP) a simple and effective approach to generate visual prompts that can transfer to different models and improve their performance on downstream tasks after trained on only one model. We introduce two strategies to address the issue of cross-model feature corruption of existing visual prompting methods and enhance the transferability of the learned prompts including 1) Feature Consistency Alignment: which imposes constraints to the prompted feature changes to maintain task-agnostic knowledge; 2) Task Semantics Enrichment: which encourages the prompted images to contain richer task-specific semantics with language guidance. We validate the effectiveness of TVP through extensive experiments with 6 modern MLLMs on a wide variety of tasks ranging from object recognition and counting to multimodal reasoning and hallucination correction.
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This paper studies the problem of concept-based interpretability of transformer representations for videos. Concretely we seek to explain the decision-making process of video transformers based on high-level spatiotemporal concepts that are automatically discovered. Prior research on concept-based interpretability has concentrated solely on image-level tasks. Comparatively video models deal with the added temporal dimension increasing complexity and posing challenges in identifying dynamic concepts over time. In this work we systematically address these challenges by introducing the first Video Transformer Concept Discovery (VTCD) algorithm. To this end we propose an efficient approach for unsupervised identification of units of video transformer representations - concepts and ranking their importance to the output of a model. The resulting concepts are highly interpretable revealing spatio-temporal reasoning mechanisms and object-centric representations in unstructured video models. Performing this analysis jointly over a diverse set of supervised and self-supervised representations we discover that some of these mechanism are universal in video transformers. Finally we show that VTCD can be used for fine-grained action recognition and video object segmentation.
The rise of new video modalities like virtual reality or autonomous driving has increased the demand for efficient multi-view video compression methods both in terms of rate-distortion (R-D) performance and in terms of delay and runtime. While most recent stereo video compression approaches have shown promising performance they compress left and right views sequentially leading to poor parallelization and runtime performance. This work presents Low-Latency neural codec for Stereo video Streaming (LLSS) a novel parallel stereo video coding method designed for fast and efficient low-latency stereo video streaming. Instead of using a sequential cross-view motion compensation like existing methods LLSS introduces a bidirectional feature shifting module to directly exploit mutual information among views and encode them effectively with a joint cross-view prior model for entropy coding. Thanks to this design LLSS processes left and right views in parallel minimizing latency; all while substantially improving R-D performance compared to both existing neural and conventional codecs.
Learning 3D human-object interaction relation is pivotal to embodied AI and interaction modeling. Most existing methods approach the goal by learning to predict isolated interaction elements e.g. human contact object affordance and human-object spatial relation primarily from the perspective of either the human or the object. Which underexploit certain correlations between the interaction counterparts (human and object) and struggle to address the uncertainty in interactions. Actually objects' functionalities potentially affect humans' interaction intentions which reveals what the interaction is. Meanwhile the interacting humans and objects exhibit matching geometric structures which presents how to interact. In light of this we propose harnessing these inherent correlations between interaction counterparts to mitigate the uncertainty and jointly anticipate the above interaction elements in 3D space. To achieve this we present LEMON (LEarning 3D huMan-Object iNteraction relation) a unified model that mines interaction intentions of the counterparts and employs curvatures to guide the extraction of geometric correlations combining them to anticipate the interaction elements. Besides the 3D Interaction Relation dataset (3DIR) is collected to serve as the test bed for training and evaluation. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of LEMON over methods estimating each element in isolation. The code and dataset are available at https://yyvhang.github.io/LEMON/
Understanding the dynamics of generic 3D scenes is fundamentally challenging in computer vision essential in enhancing applications related to scene reconstruction motion tracking and avatar creation. In this work we address the task as the problem of inferring dense long-range motion of 3D points. By observing a set of point trajectories we aim to learn an implicit motion field parameterized by a neural network to predict the movement of novel points within the same domain without relying on any data-driven or scene-specific priors. To achieve this our approach builds upon the recently introduced dynamic point field model that learns smooth deformation fields between the canonical frame and individual observation frames. However temporal consistency between consecutive frames is neglected and the number of required parameters increases linearly with the sequence length due to per-frame modeling. To address these shortcomings we exploit the intrinsic regularization provided by SIREN and modify the input layer to produce a spatiotemporally smooth motion field. Additionally we analyze the motion field Jacobian matrix and discover that the motion degrees of freedom (DOFs) in an infinitesimal area around a point and the network hidden variables have different behaviors to affect the model's representational power. This enables us to improve the model representation capability while retaining the model compactness. Furthermore to reduce the risk of overfitting we introduce a regularization term based on the assumption of piece-wise motion smoothness. Our experiments assess the model's performance in predicting unseen point trajectories and its application in temporal mesh alignment with guidance. The results demonstrate its superiority and effectiveness. The code and data for the project are publicly available at https://yz-cnsdqz.github.io/eigenmotion/DOMA.
Short-form UGC video platforms like Kwai and TikTok have been an emerging and irreplaceable mainstream media form thriving on user-friendly engagement and kaleidoscope creation etc. However the advancing content generation modes e.g. special effects and sophisticated processing workflows e.g. de-artifacts have introduced significant challenges to recent UGC video quality assessment: (i) the ambiguous contents hinder the identification of quality-determined regions. (ii) the diverse and complicated hybrid distortions are hard to distinguish. To tackle the above challenges and assist in the development of short-form videos we establish the first large-scale Kwai short Video database for Quality assessment termed KVQ which comprises 600 user-uploaded short videos and 3600 processed videos through the diverse practical processing workflows including pre-processing transcoding and enhancement. Among them the absolute quality score of each video and partial ranking score among indistinguish samples are provided by a team of professional researchers specializing in image processing. Based on this database we propose the first short-form video quality evaluator i.e. KSVQE which enables the quality evaluator to identify the quality-determined semantics with the content understanding of large vision language models (i.e. CLIP) and distinguish the distortions with the distortion under- standing module. Experimental results have shown the effectiveness of KSVQE on our KVQ database and popular VQA databases. The project can be found at https: //lixinustc.github.io/projects/KVQ/.
Gated cameras flood-illuminate a scene and capture the time-gated impulse response of a scene. By employing nanosecond-scale gates existing sensors are capable of capturing mega-pixel gated images delivering dense depth improving on today's LiDAR sensors in spatial resolution and depth precision. Although gated depth estimation methods deliver a million of depth estimates per frame their resolution is still an order below existing RGB imaging methods. In this work we combine high-resolution stereo HDR RCCB cameras with gated imaging allowing us to exploit depth cues from active gating multi-view RGB and multi-view NIR sensing -- multi-view and gated cues across the entire spectrum. The resulting capture system consists only of low-cost CMOS sensors and flood-illumination. We propose a novel stereo-depth estimation method that is capable of exploiting these multi-modal multi-view depth cues including the active illumination that is measured by the RCCB camera when removing the IR-cut filter. The proposed method achieves accurate depth at long ranges outperforming the next best existing method by 39% for ranges of 100 to 220 m in MAE on accumulated LiDAR ground-truth. Our code models and datasets are available here (https://light.princeton.edu/gatedrccbstereo/).
We present MM-AU a novel dataset for Multi-Modal Accident video Understanding. MM-AU contains 11727 in-the-wild ego-view accident videos each with temporally aligned text descriptions. We annotate over 2.23 million object boxes and 58650 pairs of video-based accident reasons covering 58 accident categories. MM-AU supports various accident understanding tasks particularly multimodal video diffusion to understand accident cause-effect chains for safe driving. With MM-AU we present an Abductive accident Video understanding framework for Safe Driving perception (AdVersa-SD). AdVersa-SD performs video diffusion via an Object-Centric Video Diffusion (OAVD) method which is driven by an abductive CLIP model. This model involves a contrastive interaction loss to learn the pair co-occurrence of normal near-accident accident frames with the corresponding text descriptions such as accident reasons prevention advice and accident categories. OAVD enforces the object region learning while fixing the content of the original frame background in video generation to find the dominant objects for certain accidents. Extensive experiments verify the abductive ability of AdVersa-SD and the superiority of OAVD against the state-of-the-art diffusion models. Additionally we provide careful benchmark evaluations for object detection and accident reason answering since AdVersa-SD relies on precise object and accident reason information.
Domain Generalization (DG) aims to develop a versatile model capable of performing well on unseen target domains. Recent advancements in pre-trained Visual Foundation Models (VFMs) such as CLIP show significant potential in enhancing the generalization abilities of deep models. Although there is a growing focus on VFM-based domain prompt tuning for DG effectively learning prompts that disentangle invariant features across all domains remains a major challenge. In this paper we propose addressing this challenge by leveraging the controllable and flexible language prompt of the VFM. Observing that the text modality of VFMs is inherently easier to disentangle we introduce a novel text feature guided visual prompt tuning framework. This framework first automatically disentangles the text prompt using a large language model (LLM) and then learns domain-invariant visual representation guided by the disentangled text feature. Moreover we also devise domain-specific prototype learning to fully exploit domain-specific information to combine with the invariant feature prediction. Extensive experiments on mainstream DG datasets namely PACS VLCS OfficeHome DomainNet and TerraInc demonstrate that the proposed method achieves superior performances to state-of-the-art DG methods.
In this paper we present a novel sequence generation-based framework for lane detection called Lane2Seq. It unifies various lane detection formats by casting lane detection as a sequence generation task. This is different from previous lane detection methods which depend on well-designed task-specific head networks and corresponding loss functions. Lane2Seq only adopts a plain transformer-based encoder-decoder architecture with a simple cross-entropy loss. Additionally we propose a new multi-format model tuning based on reinforcement learning to incorporate the task-specific knowledge into Lane2Seq. Experimental results demonstrate that such a simple sequence generation paradigm not only unifies lane detection but also achieves competitive performance on benchmarks. For example Lane2Seq gets 97.95% and 97.42% F1 score on Tusimple and LLAMAS datasets establishing a new state-of-the-art result for two benchmarks.
Significant advancements in video question answering (VideoQA) have been made thanks to thriving large image-language pretraining frameworks. Although these image-language models can efficiently represent both video and language branches they typically employ a goal-free vision perception process and do not interact vision with language well during the answer generation thus omitting crucial visual cues. In this paper we are inspired by the human recognition and learning pattern and propose VideoDistill a framework with language-aware (i.e. goal-driven) behavior in both vision perception and answer generation process. VideoDistill generates answers only from question-related visual embeddings and follows a thinking-observing-answering approach that closely resembles human behavior distinguishing it from previous research. Specifically we develop a language-aware gating mechanism to replace the standard cross-attention avoiding language's direct fusion into visual representations. We incorporate this mechanism into two key components of the entire framework. The first component is a differentiable sparse sampling module which selects frames containing the necessary dynamics and semantics relevant to the questions. The second component is a vision refinement module that merges existing spatial-temporal attention layers to ensure the extraction of multi-grained visual semantics associated with the questions. We conduct experimental evaluations on various challenging video question-answering benchmarks and VideoDistill achieves state-of-the-art performance in both general and long-form VideoQA datasets. In Addition we verify that VideoDistill can effectively alleviate the utilization of language shortcut solutions in the EgoTaskQA dataset.
This paper aims to address a common challenge in deep learning-based image transformation methods such as image enhancement and super-resolution which heavily rely on precisely aligned paired datasets with pixel-level alignments. However creating precisely aligned paired images presents significant challenges and hinders the advancement of methods trained on such data. To overcome this challenge this paper introduces a novel and simple Frequency Distribution Loss (FDL) for computing distribution distance within the frequency domain. Specifically we transform image features into the frequency domain using Discrete Fourier Transformation (DFT). Subsequently frequency components (amplitude and phase) are processed separately to form the FDL loss function. Our method is empirically proven effective as a training constraint due to the thoughtful utilization of global information in the frequency domain. Extensive experimental evaluations focusing on image enhancement and super-resolution tasks demonstrate that FDL outperforms existing misalignment-robust loss functions. Furthermore we explore the potential of our FDL for image style transfer that relies solely on completely misaligned data. Our code is available at: https://github.com/eezkni/FDL
The rich spatio-temporal information is crucial to capture the complicated target appearance variations in visual tracking. However most top-performing tracking algorithms rely on many hand-crafted components for spatio-temporal information aggregation. Consequently the spatio-temporal information is far away from being fully explored. To alleviate this issue we propose an adaptive tracker with spatio-temporal transformers (named AQATrack) which adopts simple autoregressive queries to effectively learn spatio-temporal information without many hand-designed components. Firstly we introduce a set of learnable and autoregressive queries to capture the instantaneous target appearance changes in a sliding window fashion. Then we design a novel attention mechanism for the interaction of existing queries to generate a new query in current frame. Finally based on the initial target template and learnt autoregressive queries a spatio-temporal information fusion module (STM) is designed for spatiotemporal formation aggregation to locate a target object. Benefiting from the STM we can effectively combine the static appearance and instantaneous changes to guide robust tracking. Extensive experiments show that our method significantly improves the tracker's performance on six popular tracking benchmarks: LaSOT LaSOText TrackingNet GOT-10k TNL2K and UAV123. Code and models will be https://github.com/orgs/GXNU-ZhongLab.
We present WinSyn a unique dataset and testbed for creating high-quality synthetic data with procedural modeling techniques. The dataset contains high-resolution photographs of windows selected from locations around the world with 89318 individual window crops showcasing diverse geometric and material characteristics. We evaluate a procedural model by training semantic segmentation networks on both synthetic and real images and then comparing their performances on a shared test set of real images. Specifically we measure the difference in mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) and determine the effective number of real images to match synthetic data's training performance. We design a baseline procedural model as a benchmark and provide 21290 synthetically generated images. By tuning the procedural model key factors are identified which significantly influence the model's fidelity in replicating real-world scenarios. Importantly we highlight the challenge of procedural modeling using current techniques especially in their ability to replicate the spatial semantics of real-world scenarios. This insight is critical because of the potential of procedural models to bridge hidden scene aspects such as depth reflectivity material properties and lighting conditions.
SIFU: Side-view Conditioned Implicit Function for Real-world Usable Clothed Human Reconstruction
PDF ↗Creating high-quality 3D models of clothed humans from single images for real-world applications is crucial. Despite recent advancements accurately reconstructing humans in complex poses or with loose clothing from in-the-wild images along with predicting textures for unseen areas remains a significant challenge. A key limitation of previous methods is their insufficient prior guidance in transitioning from 2D to 3D and in texture prediction. In response we introduce SIFU (Side-view Conditioned Implicit Function for Real-world Usable Clothed Human Reconstruction) a novel approach combining a Side-view Decoupling Transformer with a 3D Consistent Texture Refinement pipeline. SIFU employs a cross-attention mechanism within the transformer using SMPL-X normals as queries to effectively decouple side-view features in the process of mapping 2D features to 3D. This method not only improves the precision of the 3D models but also their robustness especially when SMPL-X estimates are not perfect. Our texture refinement process leverages text-to-image diffusion-based prior to generate realistic and consistent textures for invisible views. Through extensive experiments SIFU surpasses SOTA methods in both geometry and texture reconstruction showcasing enhanced robustness in complex scenarios and achieving an unprecedented Chamfer and P2S measurement. Our approach extends to practical applications such as 3D printing and scene building demonstrating its broad utility in real-world scenarios.
EVCap: Retrieval-Augmented Image Captioning with External Visual-Name Memory for Open-World Comprehension
PDF ↗Large language models (LLMs)-based image captioning has the capability of describing objects not explicitly observed in training data; yet novel objects occur frequently necessitating the requirement of sustaining up-to-date object knowledge for open-world comprehension. Instead of relying on large amounts of data and/or scaling up network parameters we introduce a highly effective retrieval-augmented image captioning method that prompts LLMs with object names retrieved from External Visual--name memory (EVCap). We build ever-changing object knowledge memory using objects' visuals and names enabling us to (i) update the memory at a minimal cost and (ii) effortlessly augment LLMs with retrieved object names by utilizing a lightweight and fast-to-train model. Our model which was trained only on the COCO dataset can adapt to out-of-domain without requiring additional fine-tuning or re-training. Our experiments conducted on benchmarks and synthetic commonsense-violating data show that EVCap with only 3.97M trainable parameters exhibits superior performance compared to other methods based on frozen pre-trained LLMs. Its performance is also competitive to specialist SOTAs that require extensive training.
Quantization is of significance for compressing the over-parameterized deep neural models and deploying them on resource-limited devices. Fixed-precision quantization suffers from performance drop due to the limited numerical representation ability. Conversely mixed-precision quantization (MPQ) is advocated to compress the model effectively by allocating heterogeneous bit-width for layers. MPQ is typically organized into a searching-retraining two-stage process. Previous works only focus on determining the optimal bit-width configuration in the first stage efficiently while ignoring the considerable time costs in the second stage. However retraining always consumes hundreds of GPU-hours on the cutting-edge GPUs thus hindering deployment efficiency significantly. In this paper we devise a one-shot training-searching paradigm for mixed-precision model compression. Specifically in the first stage all potential bit-width configurations are coupled and thus optimized simultaneously within a set of shared weights. However our observations reveal a previously unseen and severe bit-width interference phenomenon among highly coupled weights during optimization leading to considerable performance degradation under a high compression ratio. To tackle this problem we first design a bit-width scheduler to dynamically freeze the most turbulent bit-width of layers during training to ensure the rest bit-widths converged properly. Then taking inspiration from information theory we present an information distortion mitigation technique to align the behaviour of the bad-performing bit-widths to the well-performing ones. In the second stage an inference-only greedy search scheme is devised to evaluate the goodness of configurations without introducing any additional training costs. Extensive experiments on three representative models and three datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Event cameras with their high temporal resolution dynamic range and low power consumption are particularly good at time-sensitive applications like deblurring and frame interpolation. However their performance is hindered by latency variability especially under low-light conditions and with fast-moving objects. This paper addresses the challenge of latency in event cameras -- the temporal discrepancy between the actual occurrence of changes in the corresponding timestamp assigned by the sensor. Focusing on event-guided deblurring and frame interpolation tasks we propose a latency correction method based on a parameterized latency model. To enable data-driven learning we develop an event-based temporal fidelity to describe the sharpness of latent images reconstructed from events and the corresponding blurry images and reformulate the event-based double integral model differentiable to latency. The proposed method is validated using synthetic and real-world datasets demonstrating the benefits of latency correction for deblurring and interpolation across different lighting conditions.
Animatable Gaussians: Learning Pose-dependent Gaussian Maps for High-fidelity Human Avatar Modeling
PDF ↗Modeling animatable human avatars from RGB videos is a long-standing and challenging problem. Recent works usually adopt MLP-based neural radiance fields (NeRF) to represent 3D humans but it remains difficult for pure MLPs to regress pose-dependent garment details. To this end we introduce Animatable Gaussians a new avatar representation that leverages powerful 2D CNNs and 3D Gaussian splatting to create high-fidelity avatars. To associate 3D Gaussians with the animatable avatar we learn a parametric template from the input videos and then parameterize the template on two front & back canonical Gaussian maps where each pixel represents a 3D Gaussian. The learned template is adaptive to the wearing garments for modeling looser clothes like dresses. Such template-guided 2D parameterization enables us to employ a powerful StyleGAN-based CNN to learn the pose-dependent Gaussian maps for modeling detailed dynamic appearances. Furthermore we introduce a pose projection strategy for better generalization given novel poses. Overall our method can create lifelike avatars with dynamic realistic and generalized appearances. Experiments show that our method outperforms other state-of-the-art approaches. Code: https://github.com/lizhe00/AnimatableGaussians.
Action-slot: Visual Action-centric Representations for Multi-label Atomic Activity Recognition in Traffic Scenes
PDF ↗In this paper we study multi-label atomic activity recognition. Despite the notable progress in action recognition it is still challenging to recognize atomic activities due to a deficiency in holistic understanding of both multiple road users' motions and their contextual information. In this paper we introduce Action-slot a slot attention-based approach that learns visual action-centric representations capturing both motion and contextual information. Our key idea is to design action slots that are capable of paying attention to regions where atomic activities occur without the need for explicit perception guidance. To further enhance slot attention we introduce a background slot that competes with action slots aiding the training process in avoiding unnecessary focus on background regions devoid of activities. Yet the imbalanced class distribution in the existing dataset hampers the assessment of rare activities. To address the limitation we collect a synthetic dataset called TACO which is four times larger than OATS and features a balanced distribution of atomic activities. To validate the effectiveness of our method we conduct comprehensive experiments and ablation studies against various action recognition baselines. We also show that the performance of multi-label atomic activity recognition on real-world datasets can be improved by pretraining representations on TACO.