In this study we explore Transformer based diffusion models for image and video generation. Despite the dominance of Transformer architectures in various fields due to their flexibility and scalability the visual generative domain primarily utilizes CNN-based U-Net architectures particularly in diffusion-based models. We introduce GenTron a family of Generative models employing Transformer-based diffusion to address this gap. Our initial step was to adapt Diffusion Transformers (DiTs) from class to text conditioning a process involving thorough empirical exploration of the conditioning mechanism. We then scale GenTron from approximately 900M to over 3B parameters observing improvements in visual quality. Furthermore we extend GenTron to text-to-video generation incorporating novel motion-free guidance to enhance video quality. In human evaluations against SDXL GenTron achieves a 51.1% win rate in visual quality (with a 19.8% draw rate) and a 42.3% win rate in text alignment (with a 42.9% draw rate). GenTron notably performs well in T2I-CompBench highlighting its compositional generation ability. We hope GenTron could provide meaningful insights and serve as a valuable reference for future research. Please refer to the arXiv version for the most up-to-date results: https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.04557.
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With the emergence of AR/VR 3D models are in tremendous demand. However conventional 3D modeling with Computer-Aided Design software requires much expertise and is difficult for novice users. We find that AR/VR devices in addition to serving as effective display mediums can offer a promising potential as an intuitive 3D model creation tool especially with the assistance of AI generative models. Here we propose Deep3DVRSketch the first 3D model generation network that inputs 3D VR sketches from novice users and generates highly consistent 3D models in multiple categories within seconds irrespective of the users' drawing abilities. We also contribute KO3D+ the largest 3D sketch-shape dataset. Our method pre-trains a conditional diffusion model on quality 3D data then fine-tunes an encoder to map 3D sketches onto the generator's manifold using an adaptive curriculum strategy for limited ground truths. In our experiment our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance in both model quality and fidelity with real-world input from novice users and users can even draw and obtain very detailed geometric structures. In our user study users were able to complete the 3D modeling tasks over 10 times faster using our approach compared to conventional CAD software tools. We believe that our Deep3DVRSketch and KO3D+ dataset can offer a promising solution for future 3D modeling in metaverse era. Check the project page at http://research.kokoni3d.com/Deep3DVRSketch.
Although soft prompt tuning is effective in efficiently adapting Vision-Language (V&L) models for downstream tasks it shows limitations in dealing with distribution shifts. We address this issue with Attribute-Guided Prompt Tuning (ArGue) making three key contributions. 1) In contrast to the conventional approach of directly appending soft prompts preceding class names we align the model with primitive visual attributes generated by Large Language Models (LLMs). We posit that a model's ability to express high confidence in these attributes signifies its capacity to discern the correct class rationales. 2) We introduce attribute sampling to eliminate disadvantageous attributes thus only semantically meaningful attributes are preserved. 3) We propose negative prompting explicitly enumerating class-agnostic attributes to activate spurious correlations and encourage the model to generate highly orthogonal probability distributions in relation to these negative features. In experiments our method significantly outperforms current state-of-the-art prompt tuning methods on both novel class prediction and out-of-distribution generalization tasks.
Anomaly detection (AD) aims to identify defective images and localize their defects (if any). Ideally AD models should be able to detect defects over many image classes; without relying on hard-coded class names that can be uninformative or inconsistent across datasets; learn without anomaly supervision; and be robust to the long-tailed distributions of real-world applications. To address these challenges we formulate the problem of long-tailed AD by introducing several datasets with different levels of class imbalance and metrics for performance evaluation. We then propose a novel method LTAD to detect defects from multiple and long-tailed classes without relying on dataset class names. LTAD combines AD by reconstruction and semantic AD modules. AD by reconstruction is implemented with a transformer-based reconstruction module. Semantic AD is implemented with a binary classifier which relies on learned pseudo class names and a pretrained foundation model. These modules are learned over two phases. Phase 1 learns the pseudo-class names and a variational autoencoder (VAE) for feature synthesis that augments the training data to combat long-tails. Phase 2 then learns the parameters of the reconstruction and classification modules of LTAD. Extensive experiments using the proposed long-tailed datasets show that LTAD substantially outperforms the state-of-the-art methods for most forms of dataset imbalance. The long-tailed dataset split is available at https://zenodo.org/records/10854201
The widespread use of cloud-based face recognition technology raises privacy concerns as unauthorized access to face images can expose personal information or be exploited for fraudulent purposes. In response privacy-preserving face recognition (PPFR) schemes have emerged to hide visual information and thwart unauthorized access. However the validation methods employed by these schemes often rely on unrealistic assumptions leaving doubts about their true effectiveness in safeguarding facial privacy. In this paper we introduce a new approach to privacy validation called Minimum Assumption Privacy Protection Validation (Map^2V). This is the first exploration of formulating a privacy validation method utilizing deep image priors and zeroth-order gradient estimation with the potential to serve as a general framework for PPFR evaluation. Building upon Map^2V we comprehensively validate the privacy-preserving capability of PPFRs through a combination of human and machine vision. The experiment results and analysis demonstrate the effectiveness and generalizability of the proposed Map^2V showcasing its superiority over native privacy validation methods from PPFR works of literature. Additionally this work exposes privacy vulnerabilities in evaluated state-of-the-art PPFR schemes laying the foundation for the subsequent effective proposal of countermeasures. The source code is available at https://github.com/Beauty9882/MAP2V.
Generative models have recently exhibited exceptional capabilities in text-to-image generation but still struggle to generate image sequences coherently. In this work we focus on a novel yet challenging task of generating a coherent image sequence based on a given storyline denoted as open-ended visual storytelling. We make the following three contributions: (i) to fulfill the task of visual storytelling we propose a learning-based auto-regressive image generation model termed as StoryGen with a novel vision-language context module that enables to generate the current frame by conditioning on the corresponding text prompt and preceding image-caption pairs; (ii) to address the data shortage of visual storytelling we collect paired image-text sequences by sourcing from online videos and open-source E-books establishing processing pipeline for constructing a large-scale dataset with diverse characters storylines and artistic styles named StorySalon; (iii) Quantitative experiments and human evaluations have validated the superiority of our StoryGen where we show it can generalize to unseen characters without any optimization and generate image sequences with coherent content and consistent character. Code dataset and models are available at https://haoningwu3639.github.io/StoryGen_Webpage/
Recently the authors of Zero-1-to-3 demonstrated that a latent diffusion model pretrained with Internet-scale data can not only address the single-view 3D object reconstruction task but can even attain SOTA results in it. However when applied to the task of single-view 3D clothed human reconstruction Zero-1-to-3 (and related models) are unable to compete with the corresponding SOTA methods in this field despite being trained on clothed human data. In this work we aim to tailor Zero-1-to-3's approach to the single-view 3D clothed human reconstruction task in a much more principled and structured manner. To this end we propose R-Cyclic Diffuser a framework that adapts Zero-1-to-3's novel approach to clothed human data by fusing it with a pixel-aligned implicit model. R-Cyclic Diffuser offers a total of three new contributions. The first and primary contribution is R-Cyclic Diffuser's cyclical conditioning mechanism for novel view synthesis. This mechanism directly addresses the view inconsistency problem faced by Zero-1-to-3 and related models. Secondly we further enhance this mechanism with two key features - Lateral Inversion Constraint and Cyclic Noise Selection. Both features are designed to regularize and restrict the randomness of outputs generated by a latent diffusion model. Thirdly we show how SMPL-X body priors can be incorporated in a latent diffusion model such that novel views of clothed human bodies can be generated much more accurately. Our experiments show that R-Cyclic Diffuser is able to outperform current SOTA methods in single-view 3D clothed human reconstruction both qualitatively and quantitatively. Our code is made publicly available at https://github.com/kcyt/r-cyclic-diffuser.
In this paper we investigate a new problem called narrative action evaluation (NAE). NAE aims to generate professional commentary that evaluates the execution of an action. Unlike traditional tasks such as score-based action quality assessment and video captioning involving superficial sentences NAE focuses on creating detailed narratives in natural language. These narratives provide intricate descriptions of actions along with objective evaluations. NAE is a more challenging task because it requires both narrative flexibility and evaluation rigor. One existing possible solution is to use multi-task learning where narrative language and evaluative information are predicted separately. However this approach results in reduced performance for individual tasks because of variations between tasks and differences in modality between language information and evaluation information. To address this we propose a prompt-guided multimodal interaction framework. This framework utilizes a pair of transformers to facilitate the interaction between different modalities of information. It also uses prompts to transform the score regression task into a video-text matching task thus enabling task interactivity. To support further research in this field we re-annotate the MTL-AQA and FineGym datasets with high-quality and comprehensive action narration. Additionally we establish benchmarks for NAE. Extensive experiment results prove that our method outperforms separate learning methods and naive multi-task learning methods. Data and code will be released at https://github.com/shiyi-zh0408/NAE_CVPR2024.
Current transformer-based skeletal action recognition models tend to focus on a limited set of joints and low-level motion patterns to predict action classes. This results in significant performance degradation under small skeleton perturbations or changing the pose estimator between training and testing. In this work we introduce MaskCLR a new Masked Contrastive Learning approach for Robust skeletal action recognition. We propose an Attention-Guided Probabilistic Masking strategy to occlude the most important joints and encourage the model to explore a larger set of discriminative joints. Furthermore we propose a Multi-Level Contrastive Learning paradigm to enforce the representations of standard and occluded skeletons to be class-discriminative i.e. more compact within each class and more dispersed across different classes. Our approach helps the model capture the high-level action semantics instead of low-level joint variations and can be conveniently incorporated into transformer-based models. Without loss of generality we combine MaskCLR with three transformer backbones: the vanilla transformer DSTFormer and STTFormer. Extensive experiments on NTU60 NTU120 and Kinetics400 show that MaskCLR consistently outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods on standard and perturbed skeletons from different pose estimators showing improved accuracy generalization and robustness. Project website: https://maskclr.github.io.
We introduce CyberDemo a novel approach to robotic imitation learning that leverages simulated human demonstrations for real-world tasks. By incorporating extensive data augmentation in a simulated environment CyberDemo outperforms traditional in-domain real-world demonstrations when transferred to the real world handling diverse physical and visual conditions. Regardless of its affordability and convenience in data collection CyberDemo outperforms baseline methods in terms of success rates across various tasks and exhibits generalizability with previously unseen objects. For example it can rotate novel tetra-valve and penta-valve despite human demonstrations only involving tri-valves. Our research demonstrates the significant potential of simulated human demonstrations for real world dexterous manipulation tasks. More details can be found at https://cyber-demo.github.io/
Automatic radiology report generation using deep learning models has been recently explored and found promising. Neural decoders are commonly used for the report generation where irrelevant and unfaithful contents are unavoidable. The retrieval-based approach alleviates the limitation by identifying reports which are relevant to the input to assist the generation. To achieve clinically accurate report retrieval we make reference to clinicians' diagnostic steps of examining a radiology image where anatomical and diagnostic details are typically focused and propose a novel hierarchical visual concept representation called anatomy-aware hierarchical vision encoding (AHIVE). To learn AHIVE we first derive a methodology to extract hierarchical diagnostic descriptions from radiology reports and develop a CLIP-based framework for the model training. Also the hierarchical architecture of AHIVE is designed to support interactive report retrieval so that report revision made at one layer can be propagated to the subsequent ones to trigger other necessary revisions. We conduct extensive experiments and show that AHIVE can outperform the SOTA vision-language retrieval methods in terms of clinical accuracy by a large margin. We provide also a case study to illustrate how it enables interactive report retrieval.
Diffusion models trained on large-scale datasets have achieved remarkable progress in image synthesis. However due to the randomness in the diffusion process they often struggle with handling diverse low-level tasks that require details preservation. To overcome this limitation we present a new Diff-Plugin framework to enable a single pre-trained diffusion model to generate high-fidelity results across a variety of low-level tasks. Specifically we first propose a lightweight Task-Plugin module with a dual branch design to provide task-specific priors guiding the diffusion process in preserving image content. We then propose a Plugin-Selector that can automatically select different Task-Plugins based on the text instruction allowing users to edit images by indicating multiple low-level tasks with natural language. We conduct extensive experiments on 8 low-level vision tasks. The results demonstrate the superiority of Diff-Plugin over existing methods particularly in real-world scenarios. Our ablations further validate that Diff-Plugin is stable schedulable and supports robust training across different dataset sizes.
Perception plays a crucial role in various robot applications. However existing well-annotated datasets are biased towards autonomous driving scenarios while unlabelled SLAM datasets are quickly over-fitted and often lack environment and domain variations. To expand the frontier of these fields we introduce a comprehensive dataset named MCD (Multi-Campus Dataset) featuring a wide range of sensing modalities high-accuracy ground truth and diverse challenging environments across three Eurasian university campuses. MCD comprises both CCS (Classical Cylindrical Spinning) and NRE (Non-Repetitive Epicyclic) lidars high-quality IMUs (Inertial Measurement Units) cameras and UWB (Ultra-WideBand) sensors. Furthermore in a pioneering effort we introduce semantic annotations of 29 classes over 59k sparse NRE lidar scans across three domains thus providing a novel challenge to existing semantic segmentation research upon this largely unexplored lidar modality. Finally we propose for the first time to the best of our knowledge continuous-time ground truth based on optimization-based registration of lidar-inertial data on large survey-grade prior maps which are also publicly released each several times the size of existing ones. We conduct a rigorous evaluation of numerous state-of-the-art algorithms on MCD report their performance and highlight the challenges awaiting solutions from the research community.
Despite significant recent progress in the field of autonomous driving modern methods still struggle and can incur serious accidents when encountering long-tail unforeseen events and challenging urban scenarios. On the one hand large language models (LLM) have shown impressive reasoning capabilities that approach "Artificial General Intelligence". On the other hand previous autonomous driving methods tend to rely on limited-format inputs (e.g. sensor data and navigation waypoints) restricting the vehicle's ability to understand language information and interact with humans. To this end this paper introduces LMDrive a novel language-guided end-to-end closed-loop autonomous driving framework. LMDrive uniquely processes and integrates multi-modal sensor data with natural language instructions enabling interaction with humans and navigation software in realistic instructional settings. To facilitate further research in language-based closed-loop autonomous driving we also publicly release the corresponding dataset which includes approximately 64K instruction-following data clips and the LangAuto benchmark that tests the system's ability to handle complex instructions and challenging driving scenarios. Extensive closed-loop experiments are conducted to demonstrate LMDrive's effectiveness. To the best of our knowledge we're the very first work to leverage LLMs for closed-loop end-to-end autonomous driving. Code is available at https://github.com/opendilab/LMDrive
We present PEGASUS a method for constructing a personalized generative 3D face avatar from monocular video sources. Our generative 3D avatar enables disentangled controls to selectively alter the facial attributes (e.g. hair or nose) while preserving the identity. Our approach consists of two stages: synthetic database generation and constructing a personalized generative avatar. We generate a synthetic video collection of the target identity with varying facial attributes where the videos are synthesized by borrowing the attributes from monocular videos of diverse identities. Then we build a person-specific generative 3D avatar that can modify its attributes continuously while preserving its identity. Through extensive experiments we demonstrate that our method of generating a synthetic database and creating a 3D generative avatar is the most effective in preserving identity while achieving high realism. Subsequently we introduce a zero-shot approach to achieve the same goal of generative modeling more efficiently by leveraging a previously constructed personalized generative model.
Recent advances in text-to-motion generation using diffusion and autoregressive models have shown promising results. However these models often suffer from a trade-off between real-time performance high fidelity and motion editability. To address this gap we introduce MMM a novel yet simple motion generation paradigm based on Masked Motion Model. MMM consists of two key components: (1) a motion tokenizer that transforms 3D human motion into a sequence of discrete tokens in latent space and (2) a conditional masked motion transformer that learns to predict randomly masked motion tokens conditioned on the pre-computed text tokens. By attending to motion and text tokens in all directions MMM explicitly captures inherent dependency among motion tokens and semantic mapping between motion and text tokens. During inference this allows parallel and iterative decoding of multiple motion tokens that are highly consistent with fine-grained text descriptions therefore simultaneously achieving high-fidelity and high-speed motion generation. In addition MMM has innate motion editability. By simply placing mask tokens in the place that needs editing MMM automatically fills the gaps while guaranteeing smooth transitions between editing and non-editing parts. Extensive experiments on the HumanML3D and KIT-ML datasets demonstrate that MMM surpasses current leading methods in generating high-quality motion (evidenced by superior FID scores of 0.08 and 0.429) while offering advanced editing features such as body-part modification motion in-betweening and the synthesis of long motion sequences. In addition MMM is two orders of magnitude faster on a single mid-range GPU than editable motion diffusion models. Our project page is available at https://exitudio.github.io/MMM-page/.
LiDAR localization is a fundamental task in robotics and computer vision which estimates the pose of a LiDAR point cloud within a global map. Scene Coordinate Regression (SCR) has demonstrated state-of-the-art performance in this task. In SCR a scene is represented as a neural network which outputs the world coordinates for each point in the input point cloud. However SCR treats all points equally during localization ignoring the fact that not all objects are beneficial for localization. For example dynamic objects and repeating structures often negatively impact SCR. To address this problem we introduce LiSA the first method that incorporates semantic awareness into SCR to boost the localization robustness and accuracy. To avoid extra computation or network parameters during inference we distill the knowledge from a segmentation model to the original SCR network. Experiments show the superior performance of LiSA on standard LiDAR localization benchmarks compared to state-of-the-art methods. Applying knowledge distillation not only preserves high efficiency but also achieves higher localization accuracy than introducing extra semantic segmentation modules. We also analyze the benefit of semantic information for LiDAR localization. Our code is released at https://github.com/Ybchun/LiSA.
Fine-tuning pre-trained vision-language models like CLIP has yielded success on diverse downstream tasks. However several pain points persist for this paradigm: (i) directly tuning entire pre-trained models becomes both time-intensive and computationally costly. Additionally these tuned models tend to become highly specialized limiting their practicality for real-world deployment; (ii) recent studies indicate that pre-trained vision-language classifiers may overly depend on spurious features -- patterns that correlate with the target in training data but are not related to the true labeling function; and (iii) existing studies on mitigating the reliance on spurious features largely based on the assumption that we can identify such features does not provide definitive assurance for real-world applications. As a piloting study this work focuses on exploring mitigating the reliance on spurious features for CLIP without using any group annotation. To this end we systematically study the existence of spurious correlation on CLIP and CILP+ERM. We first following recent work on Deep Feature Reweighting (DFR) verify that last-layer retraining can greatly improve group robustness on pretrained CLIP. In view of them we advocate a lightweight representation calibration method for fine-tuning CLIP by first generating a calibration set using the pretrained CLIP and then calibrating representations of samples within this set through contrastive learning all without the need for group labels. Extensive experiments and in-depth visualizations on several benchmarks validate the effectiveness of our proposals largely reducing reliance and significantly boosting the model generalization.
Annotating datasets for object detection is an expensive and time-consuming endeavor. To minimize this burden active learning (AL) techniques are employed to select the most informative samples for annotation within a constrained "annotation budget". Traditional AL strategies typically rely on model uncertainty or sample diversity for query sampling while more advanced methods have focused on developing AL-specific object detector architectures to enhance performance. However these specialized approaches are not readily adaptable to different object detectors due to the significant engineering effort required for integration. To overcome this challenge we introduce Plug and Play Active Learning (PPAL) a simple and effective AL strategy for object detection. PPAL is a two-stage method comprising uncertainty-based and diversity-based sampling phases. In the first stage our Difficulty Calibrated Uncertainty Sampling leverage a category-wise difficulty coefficient that combines both classification and localisation difficulties to re-weight instance uncertainties from which we sample a candidate pool for the subsequent diversity-based sampling. In the second stage we propose Category Conditioned Matching Similarity to better compute the similarities of multi-instance images as ensembles of their instance similarities which is used by the k-Means++ algorithm to sample the final AL queries. PPAL makes no change to model architectures or detector training pipelines; hence it can be easily generalized to different object detectors. We benchmark PPAL on the MS-COCO and Pascal VOC datasets using different detector architectures and show that our method outperforms prior work by a large margin. Code is available at https://github.com/ChenhongyiYang/PPAL
We introduce the new setting of open-vocabulary object 6D pose estimation in which a textual prompt is used to specify the object of interest. In contrast to existing approaches in our setting (i) the object of interest is specified solely through the textual prompt (ii) no object model (e.g. CAD or video sequence) is required at inference and (iii) the object is imaged from two RGBD viewpoints of different scenes. To operate in this setting we introduce a novel approach that leverages a Vision-Language Model to segment the object of interest from the scenes and to estimate its relative 6D pose. The key of our approach is a carefully devised strategy to fuse object-level information provided by the prompt with local image features resulting in a feature space that can generalize to novel concepts. We validate our approach on a new benchmark based on two popular datasets REAL275 and Toyota-Light which collectively encompass 34 object instances appearing in four thousand image pairs. The results demonstrate that our approach outperforms both a well-established hand-crafted method and a recent deep learning-based baseline in estimating the relative 6D pose of objects in different scenes. Code and dataset are available at https://jcorsetti.github.io/oryon.