To defend deep neural networks from adversarial attacks adversarial training has been drawing increasing attention for its effectiveness. However the accuracy and robustness resulting from the adversarial training are limited by the architecture because adversarial training improves accuracy and robustness by adjusting the weight connection affiliated to the architecture. In this work we propose ARNAS to search for accurate and robust architectures for adversarial training. First we design an accurate and robust search space in which the placement of the cells and the proportional relationship of the filter numbers are carefully determined. With the design the architectures can obtain both accuracy and robustness by deploying accurate and robust structures to their sensitive positions respectively. Then we propose a differentiable multi-objective search strategy performing gradient descent towards directions that are beneficial for both natural loss and adversarial loss thus the accuracy and robustness can be guaranteed at the same time. We conduct comprehensive experiments in terms of white-box attacks black-box attacks and transferability. Experimental results show that the searched architecture has the strongest robustness with the competitive accuracy and breaks the traditional idea that NAS-based architectures cannot transfer well to complex tasks in robustness scenarios. By analyzing outstanding architectures searched we also conclude that accurate and robust neural architectures tend to deploy different structures near the input and output which has great practical significance on both hand-crafting and automatically designing of accurate and robust architectures.
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We propose residual denoising diffusion models (RDDM) a novel dual diffusion process that decouples the traditional single denoising diffusion process into residual diffusion and noise diffusion. This dual diffusion framework expands the denoising-based diffusion models initially uninterpretable for image restoration into a unified and interpretable model for both image generation and restoration by introducing residuals. Specifically our residual diffusion represents directional diffusion from the target image to the degraded input image and explicitly guides the reverse generation process for image restoration while noise diffusion represents random perturbations in the diffusion process. The residual prioritizes certainty while the noise emphasizes diversity enabling RDDM to effectively unify tasks with varying certainty or diversity requirements such as image generation and restoration. We demonstrate that our sampling process is consistent with that of DDPM and DDIM through coefficient transformation and propose a partially path-independent generation process to better understand the reverse process. Notably our RDDM enables a generic UNet trained with only an L1 loss and a batch size of 1 to compete with state-of-the-art image restoration methods. We provide code and pre-trained models to encourage further exploration application and development of our innovative framework (https://github.com/nachifur/RDDM).
Inherent ambiguity in layout annotations poses significant challenges to developing accurate 360deg room layout estimation models. To address this issue we propose a novel Bi-Layout model capable of predicting two distinct layout types. One stops at ambiguous regions while the other extends to encompass all visible areas. Our model employs two global context embeddings where each embedding is designed to capture specific contextual information for each layout type. With our novel feature guidance module the image feature retrieves relevant context from these embeddings generating layout-aware features for precise bi-layout predictions. A unique property of our Bi-Layout model is its ability to inherently detect ambiguous regions by comparing the two predictions. To circumvent the need for manual correction of ambiguous annotations during testing we also introduce a new metric for disambiguating ground truth layouts. Our method demonstrates superior performance on benchmark datasets notably outperforming leading approaches. Specifically on the MatterportLayout dataset it improves 3DIoU from 81.70% to 82.57% across the full test set and notably from 54.80% to 59.97% in subsets with significant ambiguity.
RadSimReal: Bridging the Gap Between Synthetic and Real Data in Radar Object Detection With Simulation
PDF ↗Object detection in radar imagery with neural networks shows great potential for improving autonomous driving. However obtaining annotated datasets from real radar images crucial for training these networks is challenging especially in scenarios with long-range detection and adverse weather and lighting conditions where radar performance excels. To address this challenge we present RadSimReal an innovative physical radar simulation capable of generating synthetic radar images with accompanying annotations for various radar types and environmental conditions all without the need for real data collection. Remarkably our findings demonstrate that training object detection models on RadSimReal data and subsequently evaluating them on real-world data produce performance levels comparable to models trained and tested on real data from the same dataset and even achieves better performance when testing across different real datasets. RadSimReal offers advantages over other physical radar simulations that it does not necessitate knowledge of the radar design details which are often not disclosed by radar suppliers and has faster run-time. This innovative tool has the potential to advance the development of computer vision algorithms for radar-based autonomous driving applications.
The premise for the great advancement of molecular machine learning is dependent on a considerable amount of labeled data. In many real-world scenarios the labeled molecules are limited in quantity or laborious to derive. Recent pseudo-labeling methods are usually designed based on a single domain knowledge thereby failing to understand the comprehensive molecular configurations and limiting their adaptability to generalize across diverse biochemical context. To this end we introduce an innovative paradigm for dealing with the molecule pseudo-labeling named as Molecular Data Programming (MDP). In particular we adopt systematic supervision sources via crafting multiple graph labeling functions which covers various molecular structural knowledge of graph kernels molecular fingerprints and topological features. Each of them creates an uncertain and biased labels for the unlabeled molecules. To address the decision conflicts among the diverse pseudo-labels we design a label synchronizer to differentiably model confidences and correlations between the labeling functions which yields probabilistic molecular labels to adapt for specific applications. These probabilistic molecular labels are used to train a molecular classifier for improving its generalization capability. On eight benchmark datasets we empirically demonstrate the effectiveness of MDP on the weakly supervised molecule classification tasks.
Diffusion-based text-to-video generation has witnessed impressive progress in the past year yet still falls behind text-to-image generation. One of the key reasons is the limited scale of publicly available data (e.g. 10M video-text pairs in WebVid10M vs. 5B image-text pairs in LAION) considering the high cost of video captioning. Instead it could be far easier to collect unlabeled clips from video platforms like YouTube. Motivated by this we come up with a novel text-to-video generation framework termed TF-T2V which can directly learn with text-free videos. The rationale behind is to separate the process of text decoding from that of temporal modeling. To this end we employ a content branch and a motion branch which are jointly optimized with weights shared. Following such a pipeline we study the effect of doubling the scale of training set (i.e. video-only WebVid10M) with some randomly collected text-free videos and are encouraged to observe the performance improvement (FID from 9.67 to 8.19 and FVD from 484 to 441) demonstrating the scalability of our approach. We also find that our model could enjoy sustainable performance gain (FID from 8.19 to 7.64 and FVD from 441 to 366) after reintroducing some text labels for training. Finally we validate the effectiveness and generalizability of our ideology on both native text-to-video generation and compositional video synthesis paradigms. Code and models will be publicly available at here.
Dichotomous Image Segmentation (DIS) has recently emerged towards high-precision object segmentation from high-resolution natural images. When designing an effective DIS model the main challenge is how to balance the semantic dispersion of high-resolution targets in the small receptive field and the loss of high-precision details in the large receptive field. Existing methods rely on tedious multiple encoder-decoder streams and stages to gradually complete the global localization and local refinement. Human visual system captures regions of interest by observing them from multiple views. Inspired by it we model DIS as a multi-view object perception problem and provide a parsimonious multi-view aggregation network (MVANet) which unifies the feature fusion of the distant view and close-up view into a single stream with one encoder-decoder structure. With the help of the proposed multi-view complementary localization and refinement modules our approach established long-range profound visual interactions across multiple views allowing the features of the detailed close-up view to focus on highly slender structures. Experiments on the popular DIS-5K dataset show that our MVANet significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods in both accuracy and speed. The source code and datasets will be publicly available at \href https://github.com/qianyu-dlut/MVANet MVANet .
The recent wave of AI-generated content has witnessed the great development and success of Text-to-Image (T2I) technologies. By contrast Text-to-Video (T2V) still falls short of expectations though attracting increasing interest. Existing works either train from scratch or adapt large T2I model to videos both of which are computation and resource expensive. In this work we propose a Simple Diffusion Adapter (SimDA) that fine-tunes only 24M out of 1.1B parameters of a strong T2I model adapting it to video generation in a parameter-efficient way. In particular we turn the T2I model for T2V by designing light-weight spatial and temporal adapters for transfer learning. Besides we change the original spatial attention to the proposed Latent-Shift Attention (LSA) for temporal consistency. With a similar model architecture we further train a video super-resolution model to generate high-definition (1024 x 1024) videos. In addition to T2V generation in the wild SimDA could also be utilized in one-shot video editing with only 2 minutes tuning. Doing so our method could minimize the training effort with extremely few tunable parameters for model adaptation.
In Structure-from-Motion (SfM) the underlying viewgraphs of unordered image collections generally have a highly redundant set of edges that can be sparsified for efficiency without significant loss of reconstruction quality. Often there are also false edges due to incorrect image retrieval and repeated structures (symmetries) that give rise to ghosting and superimposed reconstruction artifacts. We present a unified method to simultaneously sparsify the viewgraph and remove false edges. We propose a scoring mechanism based on camera triplets that identifies edge redundancy as well as false edges. Our edge selection is formulated as an optimization problem which can be provably solved using a simple thresholding scheme. This results in a highly efficient algorithm which can be incorporated as a pre-processing step into any SfM pipeline making it practically usable. We demonstrate the utility of our method on generic and ambiguous datasets that cover the range of small medium and large-scale datasets all with different statistical properties. Sparsification of generic datasets using our method significantly reduces reconstruction time while maintaining the accuracy of the reconstructions as well as removing ghosting artifacts. For ambiguous datasets our method removes false edges thereby avoiding incorrect superimposed reconstructions.
Byzantine-robust Decentralized Federated Learning via Dual-domain Clustering and Trust Bootstrapping
PDF ↗Decentralized federated learning (DFL) facilitates collaborative model training across multiple connected clients without a central coordination server thereby avoiding the single point of failure in traditional centralized federated learning (CFL). However DFL exhibits heightened susceptibility to Byzantine attacks owing to the lack of a responsible central server. Furthermore a benign client in DFL may be dominated by Byzantine clients (more than half of its neighbors are malicious) posing significant challenges for robust model training. In this work we propose DFL-Dual a novel Byzantine-robust DFL method through dual-domain client clustering and trust bootstrapping. Specifically we first propose to leverage both data-domain and model-domain distance metrics to identify client discrepancies. Then we design a trust evaluation mechanism centered on benign clients which enables them to evaluate their neighbors. Building upon the dual-domain distance metric and trust evaluation mechanism we further develop a two-stage clustering and trust bootstrapping technique to exclude Byzantine clients from local model aggregation. We extensively evaluate the proposed DFL-Dual method through rigorous experimentation demonstrating its remarkable performance superiority over existing robust CFL and DFL schemes.
In recent years the thriving development of research related to egocentric videos has provided a unique perspective for the study of conversational interactions where both visual and audio signals play a crucial role. While most prior work focus on learning about behaviors that directly involve the camera wearer we introduce the Ego-Exocentric Conversational Graph Prediction problem marking the first attempt to infer exocentric conversational interactions from egocentric videos. We propose a unified multi-modal framework---Audio-Visual Conversational Attention (AV-CONV) for the joint prediction of conversation behaviors---speaking and listening---for both the camera wearer as well as all other social partners present in the egocentric video. Specifically we adopt the self-attention mechanism to model the representations across-time across-subjects and across-modalities. To validate our method we conduct experiments on a challenging egocentric video dataset that includes multi-speaker and multi-conversation scenarios. Our results demonstrate the superior performance of our method compared to a series of baselines. We also present detailed ablation studies to assess the contribution of each component in our model. Check our \href https://vjwq.github.io/AV-CONV/ Project Page .
We focus on the generalization ability of the 6-DoF grasp detection method in this paper. While learning-based grasp detection methods can predict grasp poses for unseen objects using the grasp distribution learned from the training set they often exhibit a significant performance drop when encountering objects with diverse shapes and structures. To enhance the grasp detection methods' generalization ability we incorporate domain prior knowledge of robotic grasping enabling better adaptation to objects with significant shape and structure differences. More specifically we employ the physical constraint regularization during the training phase to guide the model towards predicting grasps that comply with the physical rule on grasping. For the unstable grasp poses predicted on novel objects we design a contact-score joint optimization using the projection contact map to refine these poses in cluttered scenarios. Extensive experiments conducted on the GraspNet-1billion benchmark demonstrate a substantial performance gain on the novel object set and the real-world grasping experiments also demonstrate the effectiveness of our generalizing 6-DoF grasp detection method.
Lithic Use-Wear Analysis (LUWA) using microscopic images is an underexplored vision-for-science research area. It seeks to distinguish the worked material which is critical for understanding archaeological artifacts material interactions tool functionalities and dental records. However this challenging task goes beyond the well-studied image classification problem for common objects. It is affected by many confounders owing to the complex wear mechanism and microscopic imaging which makes it difficult even for human experts to identify the worked material successfully. In this paper we investigate the following three questions on this unique vision task for the first time:(i) How well can state-of-the-art pre-trained models (like DINOv2) generalize to the rarely seen domain? (ii) How can few-shot learning be exploited for scarce microscopic images? (iii) How do the ambiguous magnification and sensing modality influence the classification accuracy? To study these we collaborated with archaeologists and built the first open-source and the largest LUWA dataset containing 23130 microscopic images with different magnifications and sensing modalities. Extensive experiments show that existing pre-trained models notably outperform human experts but still leave a large gap for improvements. Most importantly the LUWA dataset provides an underexplored opportunity for vision and learning communities and complements existing image classification problems on common objects.
Creating multi-view wire art (MVWA) a static 3D sculpture with diverse interpretations from different viewpoints is a complex task even for skilled artists. In response we present DreamWire an AI system enabling everyone to craft MVWA easily. Users express their vision through text prompts or scribbles freeing them from intricate 3D wire organisation. Our approach synergises 3D Bezier curves Prim's algorithm and knowledge distillation from diffusion models or their variants (e.g. ControlNet). This blend enables the system to represent 3D wire art ensuring spatial continuity and overcoming data scarcity. Extensive evaluation and analysis are conducted to shed insight on the inner workings of the proposed system including the trade-off between connectivity and visual aesthetics.
THRONE: An Object-based Hallucination Benchmark for the Free-form Generations of Large Vision-Language Models
PDF ↗Mitigating hallucinations in large vision-language models (LVLMs) remains an open problem. Recent benchmarks do not address hallucinations in open-ended free-form responses which we term "Type I hallucinations". Instead they focus on hallucinations responding to very specific question formats---typically a multiple-choice response regarding a particular object or attribute---which we term "Type II hallucinations". Additionally such benchmarks often require external API calls to models which are subject to change. In practice we observe that a reduction in Type II hallucinations does not lead to a reduction in Type I hallucinations but rather that the two forms of hallucinations are often anti-correlated. To address this we propose THRONE a novel object-based automatic framework for quantitatively evaluating Type I hallucinations in LVLM free-form outputs. We use public language models (LMs) to identify hallucinations in LVLM responses and compute informative metrics. By evaluating a large selection of recent LVLMs using public datasets we show that an improvement in existing metrics do not lead to a reduction in Type I hallucinations and that established benchmarks for measuring Type I hallucinations are incomplete. Finally we provide a simple and effective data augmentation method to reduce Type I and Type II hallucinations as a strong baseline.
Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification is often formulated as a Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) problem. Recently Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in WSI classification. However existing methods leverage coarse-grained pathogenetic descriptions for visual representation supervision which are insufficient to capture the complex visual appearance of pathogenetic images hindering the generalizability of models on diverse downstream tasks. Additionally processing high-resolution WSIs can be computationally expensive. In this paper we propose a novel "Fine-grained Visual-Semantic Interaction" (FiVE) framework for WSI classification. It is designed to enhance the model's generalizability by leveraging the interaction between localized visual patterns and fine-grained pathological semantics. Specifically with meticulously designed queries we start by utilizing a large language model to extract fine-grained pathological descriptions from various non-standardized raw reports. The output descriptions are then reconstructed into fine-grained labels used for training. By introducing a Task-specific Fine-grained Semantics (TFS) module we enable prompts to capture crucial visual information in WSIs which enhances representation learning and augments generalization capabilities significantly. Furthermore given that pathological visual patterns are redundantly distributed across tissue slices we sample a subset of visual instances during training. Our method demonstrates robust generalizability and strong transferability dominantly outperforming the counterparts on the TCGA Lung Cancer dataset with at least 9.19% higher accuracy in few-shot experiments. The code is available at: https://github.com/ls1rius/WSI_FiVE.
Significant progress has been made in scene text detection models since the rise of deep learning but scene text layout analysis which aims to group detected text instances as paragraphs has not kept pace. Previous works either treated text detection and grouping using separate models or train a model from scratch while using a unified one. All of them have not yet made full use of the already well-trained text detectors and easily obtainable detection datasets. In this paper we present Text Grouping Adapter (TGA) a module that can enable the utilization of various pre-trained text detectors to learn layout analysis allowing us to adopt a well-trained text detector right off the shelf or just fine-tune it efficiently. Designed to be compatible with various text detector architectures TGA takes detected text regions and image features as universal inputs to assemble text instance features. To capture broader contextual information for layout analysis we propose to predict text group masks from text instance features by one-to-many assignment. Our comprehensive experiments demonstrate that even with frozen pre-trained models incorporating our TGA into various pre-trained text detectors and text spotters can achieve superior layout analysis performance simultaneously inheriting generalized text detection ability from pre-training. In the case of full parameter fine-tuning we can further improve layout analysis performance.
A novel approach to blind image quality assessment called quality comparison network (QCN) is proposed in this paper which sorts the feature vectors of input images according to their quality scores in an embedding space. QCN employs comparison transformers (CTs) and score pivots which act as the centroids of feature vectors of similar-quality images. Each CT updates the score pivots and the feature vectors of input images based on their ordered correlation. To this end we adopt four loss functions. Then we estimate the quality score of a test image by searching the nearest score pivot to its feature vector in the embedding space. Extensive experiments show that the proposed QCN algorithm yields excellent image quality assessment performances on various datasets. Furthermore QCN achieves great performances in cross-dataset evaluation demonstrating its superb generalization capability. The source codes are available at https://github.com/nhshin-mcl/QCN.
The study of complex human interactions and group activities has become a focal point in human-centric computer vision. However progress in related tasks is often hindered by the challenges of obtaining large-scale labeled datasets from real-world scenarios. To address the limitation we introduce M3Act a synthetic data generator for multi-view multi-group multi-person human atomic actions and group activities. Powered by Unity Engine M3Act features multiple semantic groups highly diverse and photorealistic images and a comprehensive set of annotations which facilitates the learning of human-centered tasks across single-person multi-person and multi-group conditions. We demonstrate the advantages of M3Act across three core experiments. The results suggest our synthetic dataset can significantly improve the performance of several downstream methods and replace real-world datasets to reduce cost. Notably M3Act improves the state-of-the-art MOTRv2 on DanceTrack dataset leading to a hop on the leaderboard from 10th to 2nd place. Moreover M3Act opens new research for controllable 3D group activity generation. We define multiple metrics and propose a competitive baseline for the novel task. Our code and data are available at our project page: http://cjerry1243.github.io/M3Act.
Unsupervised landmarks discovery (ULD) for an object category is a challenging computer vision problem. In pursuit of developing a robust ULD framework we explore the potential of a recent paradigm of self-supervised learning algorithms known as diffusion models. Some recent works have shown that these models implicitly contain important correspondence cues. Towards harnessing the potential of diffusion models for ULD task we make the following core contributions. First we propose a ZeroShot ULD baseline based on simple clustering of random pixel locations with nearest neighbour matching. It delivers better results than the existing ULD methods. Second motivated by the ZeroShot performance we develop a ULD algorithm based on diffusion features using self-training and clustering which also outperforms prior methods by notable margins. Third we introduce a new proxy task based on generating latent pose codes and also propose a two-stage clustering mechanism to facilitate effective pseudo-labeling resulting in a significant performance improvement. Overall our approach consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods on four challenging benchmarks AFLW MAFL CatHeads and LS3D by significant margins.