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Zehao Zhu, Yuliang Zou, Chiyu Max Jiang, Bo Sun, Vincent Casser, Xiukun Huang, Jiahao Wang, Zhenpei Yang, Ruiqi Gao, Leonidas Guibas 等

Simulation is crucial for developing and evaluating autonomous vehicle (AV) systems. Recent literature builds on a new generation of generative models to synthesize highly realistic images for full-stack simulation. However, purely synthetically generated scenes are not grounded in reality and have difficulty in inspiring confidence in the relevance of its outcomes. Editing models, on the other hand, leverage source scenes from real driving logs, and enable the simulation of different traffic layouts, behaviors, and operating conditions such as weather and time of day. While image editing is an established topic in computer vision, it presents fresh sets of challenges in driving simulation: (1) the need for cross-camera 3D consistency, (2) learning "empty street" priors from driving data with foreground occlusions, and (3) obtaining paired image tuples of varied editing conditions while preserving consistent layout and geometry. To address these challenges, we propose SceneCrafter, a versatile editor for realistic 3D-consistent manipulation of driving scenes captured from multiple cameras. We build on recent advancements in multi-view diffusion models, using a fully controllable framework that scales seamlessly to multi-modality conditions like weather, time of day, agent boxes and high-definition maps. To generate paired data for supervising the editing model, we propose a novel framework on top of Prompt-to-Prompt to generate geometrically consistent synthetic paired data with global edits. We also introduce an alpha-blending framework to synthesize data with local edits, leveraging a model trained on empty street priors through novel masked training and multi-view repaint paradigm. SceneCrafter demonstrates powerful editing capabilities and achieves state-of-the-art realism, controllability, 3D consistency, and scene editing quality compared to existing baselines.

Kenkun Liu, Yurong Fu, Weihao Yuan, Jing Lin, Peihao Li, Xiaodong Gu, Lingteng Qiu, Haoqian Wang, Zilong Dong, Xiaoguang Han

Existing methods for capturing multi-person holistic human motions from a monocular video usually involve integrating the detector, the tracker, and the human pose & shape estimator into a cascaded system. Differently, we develop a one-stage multi-person holistic human motion capture system, which 1) employs only one network, enabling significant benefits from the end-to-end training on a large-scale dataset; 2) enables performance improving of the tracking module during training, avoiding being limited by a pre-trained tracker; 3) captures the motions of all individuals within a single shot, rather than tracking and estimating each person sequentially. In this system, each query within a temporal cross-attention module is responsible for the long motion of a specific individual, implicitly aggregating individual-specific information throughout the entire video. To further boost the proposed system from end-to-end training, we also construct a synthetic human video dataset, with multi-person and whole-body annotations. Extensive experiments across different datasets demonstrate both the efficacy and the efficiency of both the proposed method and the dataset. The code of our method will be made publicly available.

Muzhi Zhu, Yuzhuo Tian, Hao Chen, Chunluan Zhou, Qingpei Guo, Yang Liu, Ming Yang, Chunhua Shen

While MLLMs have demonstrated adequate image understanding capabilities, they still struggle with pixel-level comprehension, limiting their practical applications. Current evaluation tasks like VQA and visual grounding remain too coarse to assess fine-grained pixel comprehension accurately. Though segmentation is foundational for pixel-level understanding, existing methods often require MLLMs to generate implicit tokens, decoded through external pixel decoders. This approach disrupts the MLLM's text output space, potentially compromising language capabilities and reducing flexibility and extensibility, while failing to reflect the model's intrinsic pixel-level understanding.Thus, We introduce the Human-Like Mask Annotation Task (HLMAT), a new paradigm where MLLMs mimic human annotators using interactive segmentation tools. Modeling segmentation as a multi-step Markov Decision Process, HLMAT enables MLLMs to iteratively generate text-based click points, achieving high-quality masks without architectural changes or implicit tokens. Through this setup, we develop SegAgent, a model fine-tuned on human-like annotation trajectories, which achieves performance comparable to SOTA methods and supports additional tasks like mask refinement and annotation filtering.HLMAT provides a protocol for assessing fine-grained pixel understanding in MLLMs and introduces a vision-centric, multi-step decision-making task that facilitates exploration of MLLMs' visual reasoning abilities. Our adaptations of policy improvement method StaR and PRM guided tree search further enhance model robustness in complex segmentation tasks, laying a foundation for future advancements in fine-grained visual perception and multi-step decision-making for MLLMs.

Yuan Tian, Kaiyuan Ji, Rongzhao Zhang, Yankai Jiang, Chunyi Li, Xiaosong Wang, Guangtao Zhai

Medical image re-identification (MedReID) is under-explored so far, despite its critical applications in personalized healthcare and privacy protection.In this paper, we introduce a thorough benchmark and a unified model for this problem.First, to handle various medical modalities, we propose a novel Continuous Modality-based Parameter Adapter (ComPA). ComPA condenses medical content into a continuous modality representation and dynamically adjusts the modality-agnostic model with modality-specific parameters at runtime. This allows a single model to adaptively learn and process diverse modality data.Furthermore, we integrate medical priors into our model by aligning it with a bag of pre-trained medical foundation models, in terms of the differential features.Compared to single-image feature, modeling the inter-image difference better fits the re-identification problem, which involves discriminating multiple images.We evaluate the proposed model against 25 foundation models and 8 large multi-modal language models across 11 image datasets, demonstrating consistently superior performance.Additionally, we deploy the proposed MedReID technique to two real-world applications, i.e., history-augmented personalized diagnosis and medical privacy protection.

Yuchen Xia, Quan Yuan, Guiyang Luo, Xiaoyuan Fu, Yang Li, Xuanhan Zhu, Tianyou Luo, Siheng Chen, Jinglin Li

Collaborative perception in autonomous driving significantly enhances the perception capabilities of individual agents. Immutable heterogeneity in collaborative perception, where agents have different and fixed perception networks, presents a major challenge due to the semantic gap in their exchanged intermediate features without modifying the perception networks. Most existing methods bridge the semantic gap through interpreters. However, they either require training a new interpreter for each new agent type, limiting extensibility, or rely on a two-stage interpretation via an intermediate standardized semantic space, causing cumulative semantic loss. To achieve both extensibility in immutable heterogeneous scenarios and low-loss feature interpretation, we propose PolyInter, a polymorphic feature interpreter. It contains an extension point through which emerging new agents can seamlessly integrate by overriding only their specific prompts, which are learnable parameters intended to guide the interpretation, while reusing PolyInter's remaining parameters. By leveraging polymorphism, our design ensures that single interpreter is sufficient to accommodate diverse agents and interpret their features into the ego agent's semantic space. Experiments conducted on OPV2V dataset demonstrate that PolyInter improves collaborative perception precision by up to 11.1% compared to SOTA interpreters, while comparable results can be achieved by training only 1.4% of PolyInter's parameters when adapting to new agents.

Zekai Shao, Yufan Hu, Bin Fan, Hongmin Liu

Maintaining stable tracking of objects in domain shift scenarios is crucial for RGB-T tracking, prompting us to explore the use of unlabeled test sample information for effective online model adaptation. However, current Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) methods in RGB-T tracking dramatically change the model's internal parameters during long-term adaptation. At the same time, the gradient computations involved in the optimization process impose a significant computational burden. To address these challenges, we propose a Parameter Update-Recovery Adaptation (PURA) framework based on parameter decomposition. Firstly, our fast parameter update strategy adjusts model parameters using statistical information from test samples without requiring gradient calculations, ensuring consistency between the model and test data distribution. Secondly, our parameter decomposition recovery employs orthogonal decomposition to identify the principal update direction and recover parameters in this direction, aiding in the retention of critical knowledge. Finally, we leverage the information obtained from decomposition to provide feedback on the momentum during the update phase, ensuring a stable updating process. Experimental results demonstrate that PURA outperforms current state-of-the-art methods across multiple datasets, validating its effectiveness. The project page is at https://melantech.github.io/PURA.

Ruojun Xu, Weijie Xi, XiaoDi Wang, Yongbo Mao, Zach Cheng

Training-free diffusion-based methods have achieved remarkable success in style transfer, eliminating the need for extensive training or fine-tuning. However, due to the lack of targeted training for style information extraction and constraints on the content image layout, training-free methods often suffer from layout changes of original content and content leakage from style images. Through a series of experiments, we discovered that an effective startpoint in the sampling stage significantly enhances the style transfer process. Based on this discovery, we propose StyleSSP, which focuses on obtaining a better startpoint to address layout changes of original content and content leakage from style image. StyleSSP comprises two key components: (1) Frequency Manipulation: To improve content preservation, we reduce the low-frequency components of the DDIM latent, allowing the sampling stage to pay more attention to the layout of content images; and (2) Negative Guidance via Inversion: To mitigate the content leakage from style image, we employ negative guidance in the inversion stage to ensure that the startpoint of the sampling stage is distanced from the content of style image. Experiments show that StyleSSP surpasses previous training-free style transfer baselines, particularly in preserving original content and minimizing the content leakage from style image.

Bahri Batuhan Bilecen, Yigit Yalin, Ning Yu, Aysegul Dundar

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have emerged as powerful tools for high-quality image generation and real image editing by manipulating their latent spaces. Recent advancements in GANs include 3D-aware models such as EG3D, which feature efficient triplane-based architectures capable of reconstructing 3D geometry from single images. However, limited attention has been given to providing an integrated framework for 3D-aware, high-quality, reference-based image editing. This study addresses this gap by exploring and demonstrating the effectiveness of the triplane space for advanced reference-based edits. Our novel approach integrates encoding, automatic localization, spatial disentanglement of triplane features, and fusion learning to achieve the desired edits. We demonstrate how our approach excels across diverse domains, including human faces, 360-degree heads, animal faces, partially stylized edits like cartoon faces, full-body clothing edits, and edits on class-agnostic samples. Our method shows state-of-the-art performance over relevant latent direction, text, and image-guided 2D and 3D-aware diffusion and GAN methods, both qualitatively and quantitatively.

Uranik Berisha, Jens Mehnert, Alexandru Paul Condurache

Vision Transformers (ViTs) have emerged as the state-of-the-art models in various Computer Vision (CV) tasks, but their high computational and resource demands pose significant challenges. While Mixture of Experts (MoE) can make these models more efficient, they often require costly retraining or even training from scratch. Recent developments aim to reduce these computational costs by leveraging pretrained networks. These have been shown to produce sparse activation patterns in the Multi-Layer Perceptrons (MLPs) of the encoder blocks, allowing for conditional activation of only relevant subnetworks for each sample. Building on this idea, we propose a new method to construct MoE variants from pretrained models. Our approach extracts expert subnetworks from the model's MLP layers post-training in two phases. First, we cluster output activations to identify distinct activation patterns. In the second phase, we use these clusters to extract the corresponding subnetworks responsible for producing them. On ImageNet-1k recognition tasks, we demonstrate that these extracted experts can perform surprisingly well out of the box and require only minimal fine-tuning to regain 98% of the original performance, all while reducing FLOPs and model size, by up to 36% and 32% respectively.

Shuming Liu, Chen Zhao, Tianqi Xu, Bernard Ghanem

Large video-language models (VLMs) have demonstrated promising progress in various video understanding tasks. However, their effectiveness in long-form video analysis is constrained by limited context windows. Traditional approaches, such as uniform frame sampling, often inevitably allocate resources to irrelevant content, diminishing their effectiveness in real-world scenarios. In this paper, we introduce BOLT, a method to boost large VLMs without additional training through a comprehensive study of frame selection strategies. First, to enable a more realistic evaluation of VLMs in long-form video understanding, we propose a multi-source retrieval evaluation setting. Our findings reveal that uniform sampling performs poorly in noisy contexts, underscoring the importance of selecting the right frames. Second, we explore several frame selection strategies based on query-frame similarity and analyze their effectiveness at inference time. Our results show that inverse transform sampling yields the most significant performance improvement, increasing accuracy on the Video-MME benchmark from 53.8% to 56.1% and MLVU benchmark from 58.9% to 63.4%.

Fengxiang Wang, Hongzhen Wang, Zonghao Guo, Di Wang, Yulin Wang, Mingshuo Chen, Qiang Ma, Long Lan, Wenjing Yang, Jing Zhang 等

The astonishing breakthrough of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) has necessitated new benchmarks to quantitatively assess their capabilities, reveal their limitations, and indicate future research directions. However, this is challenging in the context of remote sensing (RS), since the imagery features ultra-high resolution that incorporates extremely complex semantic relationships. Existing benchmarks usually adopt notably smaller image sizes than real-world RS scenarios, suffer from limited annotation quality, and consider insufficient dimensions of evaluation. To address these issues, we present XLRS-Bench: a comprehensive benchmark for evaluating the perception and reasoning capabilities of MLLMs in ultra-high-resolution RS scenarios. XLRS-Bench boasts the largest average image size (8500x8500) observed thus far, with all evaluation samples meticulously annotated manually, assisted by a novel semi-automatic captioner on ultra-high-resolution RS images. On top of the XLRS-Bench, 16 sub-tasks are defined to evaluate MLLMs' 10 kinds of perceptual capabilities and 6 kinds of reasoning capabilities, with a primary emphasis on advanced cognitive processes that facilitate real-world decision-making and the capture of spatiotemporal changes. The results of both general and RS-focused MLLMs on XLRS-Bench indicate that further efforts are needed for real-world RS applications. We will open source XLRS-Bench to support further research of developing more powerful MLLMs for RS.

Run He, Kai Tong, Di Fang, Han Sun, Ziqian Zeng, Haoran Li, Tianyi Chen, Huiping Zhuang

In this paper, we introduce analytic federated learning (AFL), a new training paradigm that brings analytical (i.e., closed-form) solutions to the federated learning (FL) with pre-trained models. Our AFL draws inspiration from analytic learning---a gradient-free technique that trains neural networks with analytical solutions in one epoch. In the local client training stage, the AFL facilitates a one-epoch training, eliminating the necessity for multi-epoch updates. In the aggregation stage, we derive an absolute aggregation (AA) law. This AA law allows a single-round aggregation, reducing heavy communication overhead and achieving fast convergence by removing the need for multiple aggregation rounds. More importantly, the AFL exhibits a property that invariance to data partitioning, meaning that regardless of how the full dataset is distributed among clients, the aggregated result remains identical. This could spawn various potentials, such as data heterogeneity invariance and client-number invariance. We conduct experiments across various FL settings including extremely non-IID ones, and scenarios with a large number of clients (e.g., \ge 1000). In all these settings, our AFL constantly performs competitively while existing FL techniques encounter various obstacles.

Junjie Luo, John Mamish, Alan Fu, Thomas Concannon, Josiah Hester, Emma Alexander, Qi Guo

We introduce Focal Split, a handheld, snapshot depth camera with fully onboard power and computing based on depth-from-differential-defocus (DfDD). Focal Split is passive, avoiding power consumption of light sources. Its achromatic optical system simultaneously forms two differentially defocused images of the scene, which can be independently captured using two photosensors in a snapshot. The data processing is based on the DfDD theory, which efficiently computes a depth and a confidence value for each pixel with only 500 floating point operations (FLOPs) per pixel from the camera measurements. We demonstrate a Focal Split prototype, which comprises a handheld custom camera system connected to a Raspberry Pi 5 for real-time data processing. The system consumes 4.9 W and is powered on a 5 V, 10,000 mAh battery. The prototype can measure objects with distances from 0.4 m to 1.2 m, outputting 480 x 360 sparse depth maps at 2.1 frames per second (FPS) using unoptimized Python scripts. Focal Split is DIY friendly. A comprehensive guide to building your own Focal Split depth camera, code, and additional data can be found at https://focal-split.qiguo.org.

Roberto Henschel, Levon Khachatryan, Hayk Poghosyan, Daniil Hayrapetyan, Vahram Tadevosyan, Zhangyang Wang, Shant Navasardyan, Humphrey Shi

Text-to-video diffusion models enable the generation of high-quality videos that follow text instructions, simplifying the process of producing diverse and individual content. Current methods excel in generating short videos (up to 16s), but produce hard-cuts when naively extended to long video synthesis. To overcome these limitations, we present StreamingT2V, an autoregressive method that generates long videos of up to 2 minutes or longer with seamless transitions. The key components are: (i) a short-term memory block called conditional attention module (CAM), which conditions the current generation on the features extracted from the preceding chunk via an attentional mechanism, leading to consistent chunk transitions, (ii) a long-term memory block called appearance preservation module (APM), which extracts high-level scene and object features from the first video chunk to prevent the model from forgetting the initial scene, and (iii) a randomized blending approach that allows for the autoregressive application of a video enhancer on videos of indefinite length, ensuring consistency across chunks. Experiments show that StreamingT2V produces more motion, while competing methods suffer from video stagnation when applied naively in an autoregressive fashion. Thus, we propose with StreamingT2V a high-quality seamless text-to-long video generator, surpassing competitors in both consistency and motion.

Xubing Ye, Yukang Gan, Xiaoke Huang, Yixiao Ge, Yansong Tang

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have achieved remarkable success in various multi-modal tasks, but they are often bottlenecked by the limited context window and high computational cost of processing high-resolution image inputs and videos. Vision compression can alleviate this problem by reducing the vision token count. Previous approaches compress vision tokens with external modules and force LLMs to understand the compressed ones, leading to visual information loss. However, the LLMs' understanding paradigm of vision tokens is not fully utilised in the compression learning process. We propose VoCo-LLaMA, the first approach to compress vision tokens using LLMs. By introducing Vision Compression tokens during the vision instruction tuning phase and leveraging attention distillation, our method distill how LLMs comprehend vision tokens into their processing of VoCo tokens. VoCo-LLaMA facilitates effective vision compression and improves the computational efficiency during the inference stage. Specifically, our method can achieve a 576x compression rate while maintaining 83.7% performance. Furthermore, through continuous training using time-series compressed token sequences of video frames, VoCo-LLaMA demonstrates the ability to understand temporal correlations, outperforming previous methods on popular video question-answering benchmarks. Our approach presents a promising way to unlock the full potential of VLMs' contextual window, enabling more scalable multi-modal applications. The project page can be accessed via https://yxxxb.github.io/VoCo-LLaMA-page.

Guangda Ji, Silvan Weder, Francis Engelmann, Marc Pollefeys, Hermann Blum

Neural network performance scales with both model size and data volume, as shown in both language and image processing. This requires scaling-friendly architectures and large datasets. While transformers have been adapted for 3D vision, a `GPT-moment' remains elusive due to limited training data. We introduce ARKit LabelMaker, a large-scale real-world 3D dataset with dense semantic annotation that is more than three times larger than prior largest dataset. Specifically, we extend ARKitScenes with automatically generated dense 3D labels using an extended LabelMaker pipeline, tailored for large-scale pre-training. Training on our dataset improves accuracy across architectures, achieving state-of-the-art 3D semantic segmentation scores on ScanNet and ScanNet200, with notable gains on tail classes. Our code is available at https://labelmaker.org and our dataset at https://huggingface.co/datasets/labelmaker/arkit_labelmaker.

Shijia Zhao, Qiming Xia, Xusheng Guo, Pufan Zou, Maoji Zheng, Hai Wu, Chenglu Wen, Cheng Wang

Recently, sparsely-supervised 3D object detection has gained great attention, achieving performance close to fully-supervised 3D detectors while requiring only a few annotated instances. Nevertheless, these methods suffer challenges when accurate labels are extremely absent. In this paper, we propose a boosting strategy, termed SP3D, explicitly utilizing the cross-modal semantic prompts generated from Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) to boost the 3D detector with robust feature discrimination capability under sparse annotation settings. Specifically, we first develop a Confident Points Semantic Transfer (CPST) module that generates accurate cross-modal semantic prompts through boundary-constrained center cluster selection. Based on these accurate semantic prompts, which we treat as seed points, we introduce a Dynamic Cluster Pseudo-label Generation (DCPG) module to yield pseudo-supervision signals from the geometry shape of multi-scale neighbor points. Additionally, we design a Distribution Shape score (DS score) that chooses high-quality supervision signals for the initial training of the 3D detector. Experiments on the KITTI dataset and Waymo Open Dataset (WOD) have validated that SP3D can enhance the performance of sparsely supervised detectors by a large margin under meager labeling conditions. Moreover, we verified SP3D in the zero-shot setting, where its performance exceeded that of the state-of-the-art methods. The code is available at https://github.com/xmuqimingxia/SP3D.

Zongjian Li, Bin Lin, Yang Ye, Liuhan Chen, Xinhua Cheng, Shenghai Yuan, Li Yuan

Video Variational Autoencoder (VAE) encodes videos into a low-dimensional latent space, becoming a key component of most Latent Video Diffusion Models (LVDMs) to reduce model training costs. However, as the resolution and duration of generated videos increase, the encoding cost of Video VAEs becomes a limiting bottleneck in training LVDMs. Moreover, the block-wise inference method adopted by most LVDMs can lead to discontinuities of latent space when processing long-duration videos. The key to addressing the computational bottleneck lies in decomposing videos into distinct components and efficiently encoding the critical information. Wavelet transform can decompose videos into multiple frequency-domain components and improve the efficiency significantly, we thus propose Wavelet Flow VAE (WF-VAE), an autoencoder that leverages multi-level wavelet transform to facilitate low-frequency energy flow into latent representation. Furthermore, we introduce a method called Causal Cache, which maintains the integrity of latent space during block-wise inference. Compared to state-of-the-art video VAEs, WF-VAE demonstrates superior performance in both PSNR and LPIPS metrics, achieving 2x higher throughput and 4x lower memory consumption while maintaining competitive reconstruction quality. Our code and models are available at https://github.com/PKU-YuanGroup/WF-VAE.

Yue-Hua Han, Tai-Ming Huang, Kai-Lung Hua, Jun-Cheng Chen

The current deep generative models have enabled the creation of synthetic facial images with remarkable photorealism, raising significant societal concerns over their potential misuse. Despite rapid advancements in the field of deepfake detection, developing an efficient and effective approach for the generalized deepfake detection of unseen forgery samples remains challenging. To address this challenge, we leverage the rich semantic priors of foundation models and propose a novel side-network-based decoder that extracts spatial and temporal cues using the CLIP image encoder for generalized video-based Deepfake detection. Additionally, we introduce Facial Component Guidance (FCG) to enhance spatial learning generalizability by encouraging the model to focus on key facial regions. By leveraging the generic features of a vision-language foundation model, our approach demonstrates promising generalizability on challenging Deepfake datasets while also exhibiting superiority in training data efficiency, parameter efficiency, and model robustness. The source code is available at: https://github.com/aiiu-lab/DFD-FCG.

Ziheng Ouyang, Zhen Li, Qibin Hou

Recent studies have explored combining different LoRAs to jointly generate learned style and content. However, existing methods either fail to effectively preserve both the original subject and style simultaneously or require additional training. In this paper, we argue that the intrinsic properties of LoRA can effectively guide diffusion models in merging learned subject and style. Building on this insight, we propose K-LoRA, a simple yet effective training-free LoRA fusion approach. In each attention layer, K-LoRA compares the Top-K elements in each LoRA to be fused, determining which LoRA to select for optimal fusion. This selection mechanism ensures that the most representative features of both subject and style are retained during the fusion process, effectively balancing their contributions. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively integrates the subject and style information learned by the original LoRAs, outperforming state-of-the-art training-based approaches in both qualitative and quantitative results.