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Junwei Luo, Yingying Zhang, Xue Yang, Kang Wu, Qi Zhu, Lei Liang, Jingdong Chen, Yansheng Li

Efficient vision-language understanding of large Remote Sensing Images (RSIs) is meaningful but challenging. Current Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) typically employ limited pre-defined grids to process images, leading to information loss when handling gigapixel RSIs. Conversely, using unlimited grids significantly increases computational costs. To preserve image details while reducing computational complexity, we propose a text-guided token pruning method with Dynamic Image Pyramid (DIP) integration. Our method introduces: (i) a Region Focus Module (RFM) that leverages text-aware region localization capability to identify critical vision tokens, and (ii) a coarse-to-fine image tile selection and vision token pruning strategy based on DIP, which is guided by RFM outputs and avoids directly processing the entire large imagery. Additionally, existing benchmarks for evaluating LVLMs' perception ability on large RSI suffer from limited question diversity and constrained image sizes. We construct a new benchmark named LRS-VQA, which contains 7,333 QA pairs across 8 categories, with image length up to 27,328 pixels. Our method outperforms existing high-resolution strategies on four datasets using the same data. Moreover, compared to existing token reduction methods, our approach demonstrates higher efficiency under high-resolution settings.

Xingyu Zhu, Shuo Wang, Beier Zhu, Miaoge Li, Yunfan Li, Junfeng Fang, Zhicai Wang, Dongsheng Wang, Hanwang Zhang

With the increasing attention to pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs), e.g., CLIP, substantial efforts have been devoted to many downstream tasks, especially in test-time adaptation (TTA). However, previous works focus on learning prototypes only in the textual modality while overlooking the ambiguous semantics in class names. These ambiguities lead to textual prototypes that are insufficient to capture visual concepts, resulting in limited performance. To address this issue, we introduce **ProtoMM**, a training-free framework that constructs multimodal prototypes to adapt VLMs during the test time. By viewing the prototype as a discrete distribution over the textual descriptions and visual particles, ProtoMM has the ability to combine the multimodal features for comprehensive prototype learning. More importantly, the visual particles are dynamically updated as the testing stream flows. This allows our multimodal prototypes to continually learn from the data, enhancing their generalizability in unseen scenarios. In addition, we quantify the importance of the prototypes and test images by formulating their semantic distance as an optimal transport problem. Extensive experiments on 15 zero-shot benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our method, achieving a 1.03% average accuracy improvement over state-of-the-art methods on ImageNet and its variant datasets.

Emmanuelle Bourigault, Amir Jamaludin, Abdullah Hamdi

In the medical imaging domain, it is a fundamental challenge to collect large-scale labeled data due to privacy, involved logistics, and the high cost of labeling medical images. In this work, we present the UK Biobank Organs and Bones (UKBOB), the largest labeled dataset of body organs of 51,761 MRI 3D samples (17.9 M 2D images) and a total of more than 1.37 billion 2D segmentation masks of 72 organs based on the UK Biobank MRI dataset. We utilize automatic labeling, filter the labels with organ-specific filters, and manually annotate a subset of 300 MRIs with 11 abdominal classes to validate the quality (UKBOB-manual). This approach allows for scaling up the dataset collection while maintaining confidence in the labels. We further confirm the validity of the labels by the zero-shot generalization of trained models on the filtered UKBOB to other small labeled datasets from a similar domain ( _E.g._ abdominal MRI). To further elevate the effect of the noisy labels, we propose a novel Entropy Test-time Adaptation (ETTA) to refine the segmentation output. We use UKBOB to train a foundation model (_Swin-BOB_) for 3D medical image segmentation based on Swin-UNetr, achieving state-of-the-art results in several benchmarks in 3D medical imaging, including BRATS brain MRI tumour challenge (+0.4% improvement), and BTCV abdominal CT scan benchmark (+1.3% improvement). Pre-trained model and our filtered labels will be made available with the UK Biobank.

Chen Liang, Zhicheng Shi, Wenguan Wang, Yi Yang

Language-based human motion understanding focuses on describing human motions using natural language descriptions. Conversely, human motion generation aims to generate human motions from textual inputs. Despite significant progress in both fields, further advancements are hindered by two primary challenges: (i) Both tasks heavily rely on vast amounts of paired motion-language data for model training. However, human labeling is costly, making it increasingly unsustainable as model scales increase. (ii) Existing models often learn the two tasks in parallel. The strong reciprocity between them has not been fully explored. In response, this work proposes Dual Reciprocal Learning (DRL) for language-based human motion understanding and generation. DRL establishes a symmetric learning framework where both tasks collaboratively evolve in a closed-loop, bootstrapping manner, effectively leveraging the reciprocity between them. In DRL, the tasks serve as evaluators for each other, enabling the generation of informative feedback signals even with easily acquired unidirectional motion or language data. Furthermore, to mitigate dataset-specific bias in existing evaluations, we propose a generalized protocol that extends evaluation to a general-domain cross-modal feature space. Experimental results on standard benchmarks demonstrate that DRL achieves remarkable performance boosts over representative baselines in both tasks across evaluation protocols.

Jaeseok Byun, Young Kyun Jang, Seokhyeon Jeong, Donghyun Kim, Taesup Moon

Composed Image Retrieval (CIR) seeks to retrieve a target image by using a reference image and conditioning text specifying desired modifications. While recent approaches have shown steady performance improvements on existing CIR benchmarks, we argue that it remains unclear whether these gains genuinely reflect an enhanced compositional understanding of both visual and textual information. For example, current benchmarks do not explicitly consider negation cases and offer limited semantic diversity, with insufficient hard negatives to thoroughly evaluate the CIR task. To bridge this gap, we introduce Multimodal Arithmetic Benchmark for CIR (MA-CIR), a challenging CIR benchmark that integrates arithmetic types (negation, replacement, and addition) across seven complex semantic categories (e.g., spatial reasoning, object reasoning, etc). Moreover, carefully constructed hard negatives are incorporated to assess models in a controlled setting. In MA-CIR, we observe that current CIR models struggle with negation (or replacement) arithmetic types and semantic types that require complex reasoning, indicating a potential reliance on object or concept information. To tackle this, we propose leveraging strong text encoders, particularly those based on large language models (LLMs), and fine-tuning them using carefully constructed text triplets that include hard negatives, thereby enhancing their compositional understanding. As a result, MA-CIR achieves a 16% gain on MA-CIR, along with 6% and 9% improvements on CIRR and CIRCO, respectively. Our code and dataset are available in https://github.com/jaeseokbyun/MACIR.

Suorong Yang, Peijia Li, Furao Shen, Jian Zhao

Modern deep architectures often rely on large-scale datasets, but training on these datasets incurs high computational and storage overhead. Real-world datasets often contain substantial redundancies, prompting the need for more data-efficient training paradigms. Data selection has shown promise to mitigate redundancy by identifying the most representative samples, thereby reducing training costs without compromising performance. Existing methods typically rely on static scoring metrics or pretrained models, overlooking the combined effect of selected samples and their evolving dynamics during training. To address this, we introduce the concept of epsilon-sample cover, which quantifies sample redundancy based on inter-sample relationships, capturing the intrinsic structure of the dataset. Based on this, we reformulate data selection as a reinforcement learning (RL) process, where a lightweight RL agent optimizes the selection policy by leveraging epsilon-sample cover derived from evolving dataset distribution as a reward signal. Extensive experiments across benchmark datasets and diverse architectures demonstrate that our method consistently outperforms existing state-of-the-art baselines. Models trained with our selected datasets show enhanced generalization performance with improved training efficiency.

Yunpeng Bai, Qixing Huang

Monocular Depth Estimation (MDE) is a fundamental 3D vision problem with numerous applications such as 3D scene reconstruction, autonomous navigation, and AI content creation. However, robust and generalizable MDE remains challenging due to limited real-world labeled data and distribution gaps between synthetic datasets and real data. Existing methods often struggle on real-world test data with low efficiency, reduced accuracy, and lack of detail. To address these issues, we propose an efficient MDE approach named FiffDepth. The key feature of FiffDepth is its use of diffusion priors. It transforms diffusion-based image generators into a feed-forward architecture for detailed depth estimation. FiffDepth preserves key generative features and integrates the strong generalization capabilities of models like DINOv2. Through benchmark evaluations, we demonstrate that FiffDepth achieves exceptional accuracy, stability, and fine-grained detail, offering significant improvements in MDE performance against state-of-the-art MDE approaches.

Thu Hang Phung, Duong M. Nguyen, Thanh Trung Huynh, Quoc Viet Hung Nguyen, Trong Nghia Hoang, Phi Le Nguyen

This paper introduces a generalized federated prompt-tuning framework for practical scenarios where local datasets are multi-modal and exhibit different distributional patterns of missing features at the input level. The proposed framework bridges the gap between federated learning and multi-modal prompt-tuning which have traditionally focused on either uni-modal or centralized data. A key challenge in this setting arises from the lack of semantic alignment between prompt instructions that encode similar distributional patterns of missing data across different clients. To address this, our framework introduces specialized client-tuning and server-aggregation designs that simultaneously optimize, align, and aggregate prompt-tuning instructions across clients and data modalities. This allows prompt instructions to complement one another and be combined effectively. Extensive evaluations on diverse multimodal benchmark datasets demonstrate that our work consistently outperforms state-of-the-art (SOTA) baselines.

Hebaixu Wang, Jiayi Ma

In the field of pan-sharpening, existing deep methods are hindered in deepening cross-modal complementarity in the intermediate feature, and lack effective strategies to harness the network entirety for optimal solutions, exhibiting limited feasibility and interpretability due to their black-box designs. Besides, validating pan-sharpening performance in high-level semantic tasks is intractable for the absence of datasets. To tackle these issues, we propose a deep adaptive unfolded network via spatial morphology stripping and spectral filtration for pan-sharpening, which is conceptualized as a linear inverse problem regularized by spatial and spectral priors. Specifically, we incorporate phase-oriented constraints into the spatial prior to facilitate the extraction of modal-invariant spatial morphology by intrinsic decomposition and leverage a physics-driven spectral filtration attention mechanism aligned with the spectral prior to mine the inherent spectral correlation. After transparently unfolding the model into a multi-stage network, an adaptive stage-exiting mechanism is designed to capitalize on fusion diversity by aggregating optimal image patches across candidate stages. To systematically complete the assessment, we construct the first panoptic segmentation dataset as a semantic-level benchmark for pan-sharpening performance validation. Extensive experiments are conducted to verify the merits of our method with state-of-the-arts. Code is available at https://github.com/Baixuzx7/DAPNet.

Yuwei Yang, Zeyu Zhang, Yunzhong Hou, Zhuowan Li, Gaowen Liu, Ali Payani, Yuan-Sen Ting, Liang Zheng

Being able to effectively read scientific plots, or chart understanding, is a central part toward building effective agents for science. However, existing multimodal large language models (MLLMs), especially open-source ones, are still falling behind with a typical success rate of 30%-50% on challenging benchmarks. Previous studies on fine-tuning MLLMs with synthetic charts are often restricted by their inadequate similarity to the real charts, which could compromise model training and performance on complex real-world charts. In this study, we show that modularizing chart generation and diversifying visual details improves chart understanding capabilities. In particular, we design a five-step data synthesis pipeline, where we separate data and function creation for single plot generation, condition the generation of later subplots on earlier ones for multi-subplot figures, visually diversify the generated figures, filter out low quality data, and finally generate the question-answer (QA) pairs with GPT-4o. This approach allows us to streamline the generation of fine-tuning datasets and introduce the effective chart dataset (ECD), which contains 10k+ chart images and 300k+ QA pairs, covering 25 topics and featuring 250+ chart type combinations with high visual complexity. We show that ECD consistently improves the performance of various MLLMs on a range of real-world and synthetic test sets. Code, data and models are available at: https://github.com/yuweiyang-anu/ECD.

Zekun Qian, Ruize Han, Zhixiang Wang, Junhui Hou, Wei Feng

Open-Vocabulary Multi-Object Tracking (OVMOT) aims to detect and track diverse object categories in videos, including both seen (base) and unseen (novel) categories. Current methods rely on appearance features from generated image pairs or utilize the discontinuous annotations of the video dataset (TAO) for training, primarily due to the lack of available continuous annotated video datasets for OVMOT. This limitation affects their effectiveness, since continuous target trajectories are necessary for robust tracker learning. In this work, we propose the C-TAO dataset, which provides a continuous version of TAO, thereby constructing the first continuous annotated training dataset for OVMOT. This addresses the previous limitations in training data availability. Additionally, we introduce COVTrack, a unified framework that effectively integrates motion and semantic features with appearance features, in which the multi-cue feature aggregation strategy dynamically aggregates and balances these features, based on the confidence estimation from both intra-frame and inter-frame contexts. Our proposed framework significantly improves OVMOT performance, establishing COVTrack as a state-of-the-art solution on OVMOT benchmarks.

Inseung Hwang, Kiseok Choi, Hyunho Ha, Min H. Kim

Snapshot polarization imaging calculates polarization states from linearly polarized subimages. To achieve this, a polarization camera employs a double Bayer-patterned sensor to capture both color and polarization. It demonstrates low light efficiency and low spatial resolution, resulting in increased noise and compromised polarization measurements. Although burst super-resolution effectively reduces noise and enhances spatial resolution, applying it to polarization imaging poses challenges due to the lack of tailored datasets and reliable ground truth noise statistics. To address these issues, we introduce PolarNS and PolarBurstSR, two innovative datasets developed specifically for polarization imaging. PolarNS provides characterization of polarization noise statistics, facilitating thorough analysis, while PolarBurstSR functions as a benchmark for burst superresolution in polarization images. These datasets, collected under various real-world conditions, enable comprehensive evaluation. Additionally, we present a model for analyzing polarization noise to quantify noise propagation, tested on a large dataset captured in a darkroom environment. As part of our application, we compare the latest burst superresolution models, highlighting the advantages of training tailored to polarization compared to RGB-based methods. This work establishes a benchmark for polarization burst super-resolution and offers critical insights into noise propagation, thereby enhancing polarization image reconstruction. Both code and dataset are publicly available on https://github.com/KAIST-VCLAB/polarns.

Longliang Liu, Miaojie Feng, Junda Cheng, Jijun Xiang, Xuan Zhu, Xin Yang

Panoramic optical flow enables a comprehensive understanding of temporal dynamics across wide fields of view. However, severe distortions caused by sphere-to-plane projections, such as the equirectangular projection (ERP), significantly degrade the performance of conventional perspective-based optical flow methods, especially in polar regions. To address this challenge, we propose PriOr-Flow, a novel dual-branch framework that leverages the low-distortion nature of the orthogonal view to enhance optical flow estimation in these regions. Specifically, we introduce the Dual-Cost Collaborative Lookup (DCCL) operator, which jointly retrieves correlation information from both the primitive and orthogonal cost volumes, effectively mitigating distortion noise during cost volume construction. Furthermore, our Ortho-Driven Distortion Compensation (ODDC) module iteratively refines motion features of the primitive branch, further suppressing polar distortions. Extensive experiments demonstrate that PriOr-Flow is compatible with various perspective-based iterative optical flow methods and consistently achieves state-of-the-art performance on publicly available panoramic optical flow datasets, setting a new benchmark for wide-field motion estimation.

Jiaxin Lu, Chun-Hao Paul Huang, Uttaran Bhattacharya, Qixing Huang, Yi Zhou

We present Human Motions with Objects (HUMOTO), a high-fidelity dataset of human-object interactions for motion generation, computer vision, and robotics applications. Featuring 735 sequences (7,875 seconds at 30 fps), HUMOTO captures interactions with 63 precisely modeled objects and 72 articulated parts. Our innovations include a scene-driven LLM scripting pipeline creating complete, purposeful tasks with natural progression, and a mocap-and-camera recording setup to effectively handle occlusions. Spanning diverse activities from cooking to outdoor picnics, HUMOTO preserves both physical accuracy and logical task flow. Professional artists rigorously clean and verify each sequence, minimizing foot sliding and object penetrations. We also provide benchmarks compared to other datasets. HUMOTO's comprehensive full-body motion and simultaneous multi-object interactions address key data-capturing challenges and provide opportunities to advance realistic human-object interaction modeling across research domains with practical applications in animation, robotics, and embodied AI systems. Project Page: https://jiaxin-lu.github.io/humoto/.

Yingxian Chen, Jiahui Liu, Ruidi Fan, Yanwei Li, Chirui Chang, Shizhen Zhao, Wilton W. T. Fok, Xiaojuan Qi, Yik-Chung Wu

Understanding abnormal events in videos is a vital and challenging task that has garnered significant attention in a wide range of applications. Although current video understanding Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are capable of analyzing general videos, they often struggle to handle anomalies due to the spatial and temporal sparsity of abnormal events, where the redundant information always leads to suboptimal outcomes. To address these challenges, exploiting the representation and generalization capabilities of Vison Language Models (VLMs) and Large Language Models (LLMs), we propose VA-GPT, a novel MLLM designed for summarizing and localizing abnormal events in various videos. Our approach efficiently aligns effective tokens between visual encoders and LLMs through two key proposed modules: Spatial Effective Token Selection (SETS) and Temporal Effective Token Generation (TETG). These modules enable our model to effectively capture and analyze both spatial and temporal information associated with abnormal events, resulting in more accurate responses and interactions. Furthermore, we construct an instruction-following dataset specifically for fine-tuning video-anomaly-aware MLLMs, and introduce a cross-domain evaluation benchmark based on XD-Violence dataset. Our proposed method outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods on various benchmarks.

Xiangyu Yin, Boyuan Yang, Weichen Liu, Qiyao Xue, Abrar Alamri, Goeran Fiedler, Wei Gao

Prosthetic legs play a pivotal role in clinical rehabilitation, allowing individuals with lower-limb amputations the ability to regain mobility and improve their quality of life. Gait analysis is fundamental for optimizing prosthesis design and alignment, directly impacting the mobility and life quality of individuals with lower-limb amputations. Vision-based machine learning (ML) methods offer a scalable and non-invasive solution to gait analysis, but face challenges in correctly detecting and analyzing prosthesis, due to their unique appearances and new movement patterns. In this paper, we aim to bridge this gap by introducing a multi-purpose dataset, namely ProGait, to support multiple vision tasks including Video Object Segmentation, 2D Human Pose Estimation, and Gait Analysis (GA). ProGait provides 412 video clips from four above-knee amputees when testing multiple newly-fitted prosthetic legs through walking trials, and depicts the presence, contours, poses, and gait patterns of human subjects with transfemoral prosthetic legs. Alongside the dataset itself, we also present benchmark tasks and fine-tuned baseline models to illustrate the practical application and performance of the ProGait dataset. We compared our baseline models against pre-trained vision models, demonstrating improved generalizability when applying the ProGait dataset for prosthesis-specific tasks. The ProGait dataset is available at https://huggingface.co/datasets/ericyxy98/ProGait, and the source codes of our benchmark tasks are available at https://github.com/pittisl/ProGait.

Eunchan Jo, Dahyun Kang, Sanghyun Kim, Yunseon Choi, Minsu Cho

We address the problem of few-shot pattern detection, which aims to detect all instances of a given pattern, typically represented by a few exemplars, from an input image. Although similar problems have been studied in few-shot object counting and detection (FSCD), previous methods and their benchmarks have narrowed patterns of interest to object categories and often fail to localize non-object patterns. In this work, we propose a simple yet effective detector based on template matching and regression, dubbed TMR. While previous FSCD methods typically represent target exemplars as spatially collapsed prototypes and lose structural information, we revisit classic template matching and regression. It effectively preserves and leverages the spatial layout of exemplars through a minimalistic structure with a small number of learnable convolutional or projection layers on top of a frozen backbone. We also introduce a new dataset, dubbed RPINE, which covers a wider range of patterns than existing object-centric datasets. Our method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on the three benchmarks, RPINE, FSCD-147, and FSCD-LVIS, and demonstrates strong generalization in cross-dataset evaluation.

Xin Hu, Ke Qin, Guiduo Duan, Ming Li, Yuan-Fang Li, Tao He

Panoptic Scene Graph Generation (PSG) integrates instance segmentation with relation understanding to capture pixel-level structural relationships in complex scenes. Although recent approaches leveraging pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs) have significantly improved performance in the open-vocabulary setting, they commonly ignore the inherent limitations of VLMs in spatial relation reasoning, such as difficulty in distinguishing object relative positions, which results in suboptimal relation prediction.Motivated by the denoising diffusion model's inversion process in preserving the spatial structure of input images, we propose SPADE (SPatial-Aware Denoising-nEtwork) framework---a novel approach for open-vocabulary PSG. SPADE consists of two key steps: (1) inversion-guided calibration for the UNet adaption, and (2) spatial-aware context reasoning. In the first step, we calibrate a general pre-trained teacher diffusion model into a PSG-specific denoising network with cross-attention maps derived during inversion through a lightweight LoRA-based fine-tuning strategy. In the second step, we develop a spatial-aware relation graph transformer that captures both local and long-range contextual information, facilitating the generation of high-quality relation queries. Extensive experiments on benchmark PSG and Visual Genome datasets demonstrate that SPADE outperforms state-of-the-art methods in both closed-set and open-set scenarios, particularly excelling in spatial relationship prediction. The code is available at: https://anonymous.4open.science/r/SPADE-105F.

Yikang Zhou, Tao Zhang, Shilin Xu, Shihao Chen, Qianyu Zhou, Yunhai Tong, Shunping Ji, Jiangning Zhang, Lu Qi, Xiangtai Li

Recent advancements in multimodal large language models (MLLM) have shown a strong ability in visual perception, reasoning abilities, and vision-language understanding. However, the visual matching ability of MLLMs is rarely studied, despite finding the visual correspondence of objects is essential in computer vision. Our research reveals that the matching capabilities in recent MLLMs still exhibit systematic shortcomings, even with current strong MLLMs models, GPT-4o. In particular, we construct a Multimodal Visual Matching (MMVM) benchmark to fairly benchmark over 30 different MLLMs. The MMVM benchmark is built from 15 open-source datasets and Internet videos with manual annotation. In addition, we have designed an automatic annotation pipeline to generate the MMVM SFT dataset, including 220K visual matching data with reasoning annotation. To our knowledge, this is the first MLLMs dataset and benchmark for the MLLM community. Finally, we present CoLVA, a novel contrastive MLLM with two novel technical designs: fine-grained vision expert with object-level contrastive learning and instruction augmentation strategy. The former learns instance discriminative tokens, while the latter further improves instruction following ability. CoLVA-InternVL2-4B achieves an overall accuracy (OA) of 49.80% on the MMVM benchmark, surpassing GPT-4o and the best open-source MLLM, Qwen2VL-72B, by 7.15% and 11.72% OA, respectively. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of our MMVM SFT dataset and our novel technical designs. Code, benchmark, dataset, and models will be released.

Ali Shah Ali, Syed Ahmed Mahmood, Mubin Saeed, Andrey Konin, M. Zeeshan Zia, Quoc-Huy Tran

We introduce a novel approach for simultaneous self-supervised video alignment and action segmentation based on a unified optimal transport framework. In particular, we first tackle self-supervised video alignment by developing a fused Gromov-Wasserstein optimal transport formulation with a structural prior, which trains efficiently on GPUs and needs only a few iterations for solving the optimal transport problem. Our single-task method achieves the state-of-the-art performance on multiple video alignment benchmarks and outperforms VAVA, which relies on a traditional Kantorovich optimal transport formulation with an optimality prior. Furthermore, we extend our approach by proposing a unified optimal transport framework for joint self-supervised video alignment and action segmentation, which requires training and storing a single model and saves both time and memory consumption as compared to two different single-task models. Extensive evaluations on several video alignment and action segmentation datasets demonstrate that our multi-task method achieves comparable video alignment yet superior action segmentation results over previous methods in video alignment and action segmentation respectively. Finally, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to unify video alignment and action segmentation into a single model.