Recent multi-teacher distillation methods have unified the encoders of multiple foundation models into a single encoder, achieving competitive performance on core vision tasks like classification, segmentation, and depth estimation. This led us to ask: Could similar success be achieved when the pool of teachers also includes vision models specialized in diverse tasks across both 2D and 3D perception? In this paper, we define and investigate the problem of heterogeneous teacher distillation, or co-distillation, a challenging multi-teacher distillation scenario where teacher models vary significantly in both (a) their design objectives and (b) the data they were trained on. We explore data-sharing strategies and teacher-specific encoding, and introduce DUNE, a single encoder excelling in 2D vision, 3D understanding, and 3D human perception. Our model achieves performance comparable to that of its larger teachers, sometimes even outperforming them, on their respective tasks. Notably, DUNE surpasses MASt3R in Map-free Visual Relocalization with a much smaller encoder.
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STiL: Semi-supervised Tabular-Image Learning for Comprehensive Task-Relevant Information Exploration in Multimodal Classification
PDF ↗Multimodal image-tabular learning is gaining attention, yet it faces challenges due to limited labeled data. While earlier work has applied self-supervised learning (SSL) to unlabeled data, its task-agnostic nature often results in learning suboptimal features for downstream tasks. Semi-supervised learning (SemiSL), which combines labeled and unlabeled data, offers a promising solution. However, existing multimodal SemiSL methods typically focus on unimodal or modality-shared features, ignoring valuable task-relevant modality-specific information, leading to a Modality Information Gap. In this paper, we propose STiL, a novel SemiSL tabular-image framework that addresses this gap by comprehensively exploring task-relevant information. STiL features a new disentangled contrastive consistency module to learn cross-modal invariant representations of shared information while retaining modality-specific information via disentanglement. We also propose a novel consensus-guided pseudo-labeling strategy to generate reliable pseudo-labels based on classifier consensus, along with a new prototype-guided label smoothing technique to refine pseudo-label quality with prototype embeddings, thereby enhancing task-relevant information learning in unlabeled data. Experiments on natural and medical image datasets show that STiL outperforms the state-of-the-art supervised/SSL/SemiSL image/multimodal approaches. Our code is available at https://github.com/siyi-wind/STiL.
DyCON: Dynamic Uncertainty-aware Consistency and Contrastive Learning for Semi-supervised Medical Image Segmentation
PDF ↗Semi-supervised learning in medical image segmentation leverages unlabeled data to reduce annotation burdens through consistency learning. However, current methods struggle with class imbalance and high uncertainty from pathology variations, leading to inaccurate segmentation in 3D medical images. To address these challenges, we present DyCON, a Dynamic Uncertainty-aware Consistency and Contrastive Learning framework that enhances the generalization of consistency methods with two complementary losses: Uncertainty-aware Consistency Loss (UnCL) and Focal Entropy-aware Contrastive Loss (FeCL). UnCL enforces global consistency by dynamically weighting the contribution of each voxel to the consistency loss based on its uncertainty, preserving high-uncertainty regions instead of filtering them out. Initially, UnCL prioritizes learning from uncertain voxels with lower penalties, encouraging the model to explore challenging regions. As training progress, the penalty shift towards confident voxels to refine predictions and ensure global consistency. Meanwhile, FeCL enhances local feature discrimination in imbalanced regions by introducing dual focal mechanisms and adaptive confidence adjustments into the contrastive principle. These mechanisms jointly prioritizes hard positives and negatives while focusing on uncertain sample pairs, effectively capturing subtle lesion variations under class imbalance. Extensive evaluations on four diverse medical image segmentation datasets (ISLES'22, BraTS'19, LA, Pancreas) show DyCON's superior performance against SOTA methods(\href https://dycon25.github.io/) Project Page: https://dycon25.github.io/ .
Light Transport-aware Diffusion Posterior Sampling for Single-View Reconstruction of 3D Volumes
PDF ↗We introduce a single-view reconstruction technique of volumetric fields in which multiple light scattering effects are omnipresent, such as in clouds. We model the unknown distribution of volumetric fields using an unconditional diffusion model trained on a novel benchmark dataset comprising 1,000 synthetically simulated volumetric density fields. The neural diffusion model is trained on the latent codes of a novel, diffusion-friendly, monoplanar representation. The generative model is used to incorporate a tailored parametric diffusion posterior sampling technique into different reconstruction tasks. A physically-based differentiable volume renderer is employed to provide gradients with respect to light transport in the latent space. This stands in contrast to classic NeRF approaches and makes the reconstructions better aligned with observed data. Through various experiments, we demonstrate single-view reconstruction of volumetric clouds at a previously unattainable quality.
Leveraging the large generative prior of the flow transformer for tuning-free image editing requires authentic inversion to project the image into the model's domain and a flexible invariance control mechanism to preserve non-target contents. However, the prevailing diffusion inversion performs deficiently in flow-based models, and the invariance control cannot reconcile diverse rigid and non-rigid editing tasks. To address these, we systematically analyze the inversion and invariance control based on the flow transformer. Specifically, we unveil that the Euler inversion shares a similar structure to DDIM yet is more susceptible to the approximation error. Thus, we propose a two-stage inversion to first refine the velocity estimation and then compensate for the leftover error, which pivots closely to the model prior and benefits editing. Meanwhile, we propose the invariance control that manipulates the text features within the adaptive layer normalization, connecting the changes in the text prompt to image semantics. This mechanism can simultaneously preserve the non-target contents while allowing rigid and non-rigid manipulation, enabling a wide range of editing types. Experiments on various scenarios demonstrate that our framework achieves flexible and accurate editing, unlocking the potential of the flow transformer for versatile image editing.
Active learning (AL) and semi-supervised learning (SSL) both aim to reduce annotation costs: AL selectively annotates high-value samples from the unlabeled data, while SSL leverages abundant unlabeled data to improve model performance. Although these two appear intuitively compatible, directly combining them remains challenging due to fundamental differences in their frameworks. Current semi-supervised active learning (SSAL) methods often lack theoretical foundations and often design AL strategies tailored to a specific SSL algorithm rather than genuinely integrating the two fields.In this paper, we incorporate AL objectives into the overall risk formulation within the mainstream pseudo-label-based SSL framework, clarifying key differences between SSAL and traditional AL scenarios. To bridge these gaps, we propose a feature re-alignment module that aligns the features of unlabeled data under different augmentations by leveraging clustering and consistency constraints. Experimental results demonstrate that our module enables flexible combinations of SOTA methods from both AL and SSL, yielding more efficient algorithm performance.
UNIC-Adapter: Unified Image-instruction Adapter with Multi-modal Transformer for Image Generation
PDF ↗Recently, text-to-image generation models have achieved remarkable advancements, particularly with diffusion models facilitating high-quality image synthesis from textual descriptions. However, these models often struggle with achieving precise control over pixel-level layouts, object appearances, and global styles when using text prompts alone. To mitigate this issue, previous works introduce conditional images as auxiliary inputs for image generation, enhancing control but typically necessitating specialized models tailored to different types of reference inputs. In this paper, we explore a new approach to unify controllable generation within a single framework. Specifically, we propose the unified image-instruction adapter (UNIC-Adapter) built on the Multi-Modal-Diffusion Transformer architecture, to enable flexible and controllable generation across diverse conditions without the need for multiple specialized models. Our UNIC-Adapter effectively extracts multi-modal instruction information by incorporating both conditional images and task instructions, injecting this information into the image generation process through a cross-attention mechanism enhanced by Rotary Position Embedding. Experimental results across a variety of tasks, including pixel-level spatial control, subject-driven image generation, and style-image-based image synthesis, demonstrate the effectiveness of our UNIC-Adapter in unified controllable image generation.
In this work, we propose an extreme compression technique for Large Multimodal Models (LMMs). While previous studies have explored quantization as an efficient post-training compression method for Large Language Models (LLMs), low-bit compression for multimodal models remains under-explored. The redundant nature of inputs in multimodal models results in a highly sparse attention matrix. We theoretically and experimentally demonstrate that the attention matrix's sparsity bounds the compression error of the Query and Key weight matrices. Based on this, we introduce CASP, a model compression technique for LMMs. Our approach performs a data-aware low-rank decomposition on the Query and Key weight matrix, followed by quantization across all layers based on an optimal bit allocation process. CASP is compatible with any quantization technique and enhances state-of-the-art 2-bit quantization methods (AQLM and QuIP#) by an average of 21% on image- and video-language benchmarks. The code is provided in the supplementary materials.
Progress in machine understanding of sign languages has been slow and hampered by limited data. In this paper, we present FSboard, an American Sign Language fingerspelling dataset situated in a mobile text entry use case, collected from 147 paid and consenting Deaf signers using Pixel 4A selfie cameras in a variety of environments. Fingerspelling recognition is an incomplete solution that is only one small part of sign language translation, but it could provide some immediate benefit to Deaf/Hard of Hearing signers while more broadly capable technology develops. At >3 million characters in length and >250 hours in duration, FSboard is the largest fingerspelling recognition dataset to date by a factor of >10x. As a simple baseline, we finetune 30 Hz MediaPipe Holistic landmark inputs into ByT5-Small and achieve 11.1% Character Error Rate (CER) on a test set with unique phrases and signers. This quality degrades gracefully when decreasing frame rate and excluding face/body landmarks---plausible optimizations to help with on-device performance---but falls short of human performance measured at 2.2% CER.
Prompt learning has attracted widespread attention in adapting vision-language models to downstream tasks. Existing methods largely rely on optimization strategies to ensure the task-awareness of learnable prompts. Due to the scarcity of task-specific data, overfitting is prone to occur. The resulting prompts often do not generalize well or exhibit limited task-awareness. To address this issue, we propose a novel Task-Aware Clustering (TAC) framework for prompting vision-language models, which increases the task-awareness of learnable prompts by introducing task-aware pre-context. The key ingredients are as follows: (a) generating task-aware pre-context based on task-aware clustering that can preserve the backbone structure of a downstream task with only a few clustering centers, (b) enhancing the task-awareness of learnable prompts by enabling them to interact with task-aware pre-context via the well-pretrained encoders, and (c) preventing the visual task-aware pre-context from interfering the interaction between patch embeddings by masked attention mechanism. Extensive experiments are conducted on benchmark datasets, covering the base-to-novel, domain generalization, and cross-dataset transfer settings. Ablation studies validate the effectiveness of key ingredients. Comparative results show the superiority of our TAC over competitive counterparts. The code is available at https://github.com/FushengHao/TAC.
Vision-Language (VL) alignment across image and text modalities is a challenging task due to the inherent semantic ambiguity of data with multiple possible meanings. Existing methods typically solve it by learning multiple sub-representation spaces to encode each input data as a set of embeddings, and constraining diversity between whole subspaces to capture diverse semantics for accurate VL alignment. Despite their promising outcomes, existing methods suffer two imperfections: 1) actually, specific semantics is mainly expressed by some local dimensions within the subspace. Ignoring this intrinsic property, existing diversity constraints imposed on the whole subspace may impair diverse embedding learning; 2) multiple embeddings are inevitably introduced, sacrificing computational and storage efficiency. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective Diverse and Hybrid Set-embeddings learning framework (DH-Set), which is distinct from prior work in three aspects. DH-Set 1) devises a novel semantic importance dissecting method to focus on key local dimensions within each subspace; and thereby 2) not only imposes finer-grained diversity constraint to improve the accuracy of diverse embedding learning, 3) but also mixes key dimensions of all subspaces into the single hybrid embedding to boost inference efficiency. Extensive experiments on various benchmarks and model backbones show the superiority of DH-Set over state-of-the-art methods, achieving substantial 2.3%-14.7% rSum improvements while lowering computational and storage complexity.
This paper presents Deformable Neural Vessel Representations (DeNVeR), an unsupervised approach for vessel segmentation in X-ray angiography videos without annotated ground truth. DeNVeR utilizes optical flow and layer separation techniques, enhancing segmentation accuracy and adaptability through test-time training. Key contributions include a novel layer separation bootstrapping technique, a parallel vessel motion loss, and the integration of Eulerian motion fields for modeling complex vessel dynamics. A significant component of this research is the introduction of the XACV dataset, the first X-ray angiography coronary video dataset with high-quality, manually labeled segmentation ground truth. Extensive evaluations on both XACV and CADICA datasets demonstrate that DeNVeR outperforms current state-of-the-art methods in vessel segmentation accuracy and generalization capability while maintaining temporal coherency. Please see our project page at kirito878.github.io/DeNVeR.
Despite advancements in multimodal large language models (MLLMs), current approaches struggle in medium-to-long video understanding due to frame and context length limitations. As a result, these models often depend on frame sampling, which risks missing key information over time and lacks task-specific relevance. To address these challenges, we introduce **HierarQ**, a task-aware hierarchical Q-Former based framework that sequentially processes frames to bypass the need for frame sampling, while avoiding LLM's context length limitations. We introduce a lightweight two-stream language-guided feature modulator to incorporate task awareness in video understanding, with the entity stream capturing frame-level object information within a short context and the scene stream identifying their broader interactions over longer period of time. Each stream is supported by dedicated memory banks which enables our proposed **Hierar**chical **Q**uerying transformer (HierarQ) to effectively capture short and long-term context. Extensive evaluations on **10** video benchmarks across video understanding, question answering, and captioning tasks demonstrate HierarQ's state-of-the-art performance across most datasets, proving its robustness and efficiency for comprehensive video analysis. All code will be made available upon acceptance.
Before deployment in the real-world deep neural networks require thorough evaluation of how they handle both knowns, inputs represented in the training data, and unknowns (anomalies). This is especially important for scene understanding tasks with safety critical applications, such as in autonomous driving. Existing datasets allow evaluation of only either knowns or unknowns - but not both, which is required to establish "in the wild" suitability of deep neural network models. To bridge this gap, we propose a novel anomaly segmentation dataset, ISSU, featuring a diverse set of anomaly inputs from cluttered real-world environments. The dataset is twice larger than existing anomaly segmentation datasets, and provides a training, validation and test set for controlled in-domain evaluation. The test set consists of a static and temporal part, with the later comprised of videos. The dataset provides annotations for both closed-set (knowns) and anomalies, enabling closed-set and open-set evaluation. The dataset covers diverse conditions, such as domain and cross-sensor shift, illumination variation and allows ablation of anomaly detection methods with respect to these variations. Evaluation results of current state-of-the-art methods confirm the need for improvements especially in domain-generalization, small and large object segmentation. The benchmarking code and the dataset will be made available.
We present GEN3C, a generative video model with precise Camera Control and temporal 3D Consistency. Prior video models already generate realistic videos, but they tend to leverage little 3D information, leading to inconsistencies, such as objects popping in and out of existence. Camera control, if implemented at all, is imprecise, because camera parameters are mere inputs to the neural network which must then infer how the video depends on the camera. In contrast, GEN3C is guided by a 3D cache: point clouds obtained by predicting the pixel-wise depth of seed images or previously generated frames. When generating the next frames, GEN3C is conditioned on the 2D renderings of the 3D cache with the new camera trajectory provided by the user. Crucially, this means that GEN3C neither has to remember what it previously generated nor does it have to infer the image structure from the camera pose. The model, instead, can focus all its generative power on previously unobserved regions, as well as advancing the scene state to the next frame. Our results demonstrate more precise camera control than prior work, as well as state-of-the-art results in sparse-view novel view synthesis, even in challenging settings such as driving scenes and monocular dynamic video.
Building reconstruction is a challenging problem at the intersection of computer vision, photogrammetry and computer graphics. 3D wireframe presents a compelling representation for building modeling through its compact structure. Existing wireframe reconstruction methods employing vertex detection and edge regression have achieved promising results. In this paper, we develop an Edge-aware Diffusion network, dubbed EdgeDiff. As a novel paradigm for wireframe reconstruction, the EdgeDiff generates wireframe models from noise using a conditional diffusion model. During the training process, the ground truth wireframes firstly are formulated as a set of parameterized edges and then diffused into a random noise distribution. EdgeDiff learns both the noise reversal process and the network structure simultaneously. During inference, EdgeDiff iteratively refines the generated edge distribution using the denoising diffusion implicit model, enabling flexible single- or multi-step denoising and dynamic adaptation to buildings of varying complexity. Additionally, given the unique structure of wireframes, we introduce an edge attention module to extract point-wise attention from point features, using it as auxiliary information to facilitate learning of edge cues and guide the network toward improved edge awareness. Extensive experiments on the real-world Building3D dataset demonstrate that our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance.
Despite the revolutionary breakthroughs of large-scale text-to-image diffusion models for complex vision and downstream tasks, their extremely high computational and storage costs limit their usability. Quantization of diffusion models has been explored in recent works to reduce compute costs and memory bandwidth usage. To further improve inference time, fast convolution algorithms such as Winograd can be used for convolution layers, which account for a significant portion of computations in diffusion models. However, the significant quality loss of fully quantized Winograd using existing coarser-grained post-training quantization methods, combined with the complexity and cost of finetuning the Winograd transformation matrices for such large models to recover quality, makes them unsuitable for large-scale foundation models. Motivated by the presence of a large range of values in them, we investigate the impact of finer-grained group-wise quantization in quantizing diffusion models. While group-wise quantization can largely handle the fully quantized Winograd convolution, it struggles to deal with the large distribution imbalance in a sizable portion of the Winograd domain computation. To reduce range differences in the Winograd domain, we propose finetuning only the scale parameters of the Winograd transform matrices without using any domain-specific training data. Because our method does not depend on any training data, the generalization performance of quantized diffusion models is safely guaranteed. For text-to-image generation task, the 8-bit fully-quantized diffusion model with Winograd provides near-lossless quality (FID and CLIP scores) in comparison to the full-precision model. This, coupled with the development of highly optimized kernels for group-wise fully quantized Winograd, improves CPU wall-clock time by 31.3% when compared to the convolution layers of a diffusion model. For image classification, our method outperforms the state-of-the-art Winograd PTQ method by 1.62% and 2.56% in top-1 ImageNet accuracy on ResNet-18 and ResNet-34, respectively, with Winograd F(6, 3).
Exposure-slot: Exposure-centric Representations Learning with Slot-in-Slot Attention for Region-aware Exposure Correction
PDF ↗Image exposure correction enhances images captured under diverse real-world conditions by addressing issues of under- and over-exposure, which can result in the loss of critical details and hinder content recognition. While significant advancements have been made, current methods often fail to achieve optimal feature learning for effective correction.To overcome these challenges, we propose Exposure-slot, a novel framework that integrates a prompt-based slot-in-slot attention mechanism to cluster exposed feature regions and learn exposure-centric features for each cluster. By extending the Slot Attention algorithm with a hierarchical structure, our approach progressively clusters features, enabling precise and region-aware correction. In particular, learnable prompts tailored to exposure characteristics of slots further enhance feature quality, adapting dynamically to varying conditions. Our method delivers superior performance on benchmark datasets, surpassing the current state-of-the-art with a PSNR improvement of over 1.85 dB on the SICE dataset and 0.4 dB on the LCDP dataset, thereby establishing a new benchmark for multi-exposure correction. The source code can be found at:https://github.com/kdhRick2222/Exposure-slot.
3D classification with point cloud input is a fundamental problem in 3D vision. However, due to the discrete nature and the insufficient material description of point cloud representations, there are ambiguities in distinguishing wire-like and flat surfaces, as well as transparent or reflective objects. To address these issues, we propose Gaussian Splatting (GS) point cloud-based 3D classification. We find that the scale and rotation coefficients in the GS point cloud help characterize surface types. Specifically, wire-like surfaces consist of multiple slender Gaussian ellipsoids, while flat surfaces are composed of a few flat Gaussian ellipsoids. Additionally, the opacity in the GS point cloud represents the transparency characteristics of objects. As a result, ambiguities in point cloud-based 3D classification can be mitigated utilizing GS point cloud as input. To verify the effectiveness of GS point cloud input, we construct the first real-world GS point cloud dataset in the community, which includes 20 categories with 200 objects in each category. Experiments not only validate the superiority of GS point cloud input, especially in distinguishing ambiguous objects, but also demonstrate the generalization ability across different classification methods.
Document image retrieval (DIR) aims to retrieve document images from a gallery according to a given query. Existing DIR methods are primarily based on image queries that retrieve documents within the same coarse semantic category, e.g., newspapers or receipts. However, these methods struggle to effectively retrieve document images in real-world scenarios where textual queries with fine-grained semantics are usually provided. To bridge this gap, we introduce a new Natural Language-based Document Image Retrieval (NL-DIR) benchmark with corresponding evaluation metrics. In this work, natural language descriptions serve as semantically rich queries for the DIR task. The NL-DIR dataset contains 41K authentic document images, each paired with five high-quality, fine-grained semantic queries generated and evaluated through large language models in conjunction with manual verification. We perform zero-shot and fine-tuning evaluations of existing mainstream contrastive vision-language models and OCR-free visual document understanding (VDU) models. A two-stage retrieval method is further investigated for performance improvement while achieving both time and space efficiency. We hope the proposed NL-DIR benchmark can bring new opportunities and facilitate research for the VDU community. Datasets and codes will be publicly available at huggingface.co/datasets/nianbing/NL-DIR.