Large-scale maps of field boundaries are essential for agricultural monitoring tasks. Existing deep learning approaches for satellite-based field mapping are sensitive to illumination, spatial scale, and changes in geographic location. We conduct the first systematic evaluation of segmentation and geospatial foundation models (GFMs) for global field boundary delineation using the Fields of The World (FTW) benchmark. We evaluate 18 models under unified experimental settings, showing that a U-Net semantic segmentation model outperforms instance-based and GFM alternatives on a suite of performance and deployment metrics. We propose a new segmentation approach that combines a U-Net backbone, composite loss functions, and targeted data augmentations to enhance performance and robustness under real-world conditions. Our model achieves a 76% IoU and 47% object-F1 on FTW, an increase of 6% and 9% over the previous baseline. Our approach provides a practical framework for reliable, scalable, and reproducible field boundary delineation across model design, training, and inference. We release all models and model-derived field boundary datasets for five countries.
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Referring video object segmentation (RVOS) aims to identify, track and segment the objects in a video based on language descriptions, which has received great attention in recent years. However, existing datasets remain focus on short video clips within several seconds, with salient objects visible in most frames. To advance the task towards more practical scenarios, we introduce Long-RVOS, a large-scale benchmark for long-term referring video object segmentation. Long-RVOS contains 2,000+ videos of an average duration exceeding 60 seconds, covering a variety of objects that undergo occlusion, disappearance-reappearance and shot changing. The objects are manually annotated with three different types of descriptions to individually evaluate the understanding of static attributes, motion patterns and spatiotemporal relationships. Moreover, we introduce two new metrics to assess the temporal and spatiotemporal consistency. We benchmark 7 state-of-the-art methods on Long-RVOS to show that current approaches struggle severely with the long-video challenges. We further propose ReferMo, a promising baseline method that integrates motion information to expand the temporal receptive field, and employs a local-to-global architecture to capture both short-term dynamics and long-term dependencies. We hope that Long-RVOS and our baseline can drive future RVOS research towards more realistic and long-form videos. Our dataset and code is available at https://isee-laboratory.github.io/Long-RVOS.
The deployment of automatic radiology report generator (RRG) models in clinical workflows is being hampered by the lack of factual correctness in the produced reports. Existing methods to improve the report generators use alignment approaches that require pairs of ground truth preferred and dis-preferred responses. As these are not available at inference time in clinical workflows, new alignment methods are needed to improve report quality at inference time. In this paper, we present a new phrase-grounded automatic preference optimization (APO) alignment method which offers such improvement during inference without needing additional ground truth. Specifically, the method generates surrogate ground truth preference data for alignment automatically from the RRG model response itself though fact-checking and LLM-prompted correction. We also develop a novel APO loss function that combines preference response alignment loss with phrasal grounding loss paying attention to both the description of the finding and its image location. We show that this method of alignment, on the average, improves the report quality at inference time by 30-40% across various SOTA report generators as tested on multi-institutional chest X-ray datasets.
We present Wave-Former, a novel method capable of high-accuracy 3D shape reconstruction for completely occluded, diverse, everyday objects. This capability can open new applications spanning robotics, augmented reality, and logistics. Our approach leverages millimeter-wave (mmWave) wireless signals, which can penetrate common occlusions and reflect off hidden objects. In contrast to past mmWave reconstruction methods, which suffer from limited coverage and high noise, Wave-Former introduces a physics-aware shape completion model capable of inferring full 3D geometry. At the heart of Wave-Former's design is a novel three-stage pipeline which bridges raw wireless signals with recent advancements in vision-based shape completion by incorporating physical properties of mmWave signals. The pipeline proposes candidate geometric surfaces, employs a transformer-based shape completion model designed specifically for mmWave signals, and finally performs entropy-guided surface selection. This enables Wave-Former to be trained using entirely synthetic point-clouds, while demonstrating impressive generalization to real-world data. In head-to-head comparisons with state-of-the-art baselines, Wave-Former raises recall from 54% to 72% while maintaining a high precision of 85%.
Monocular human motion capture in occlusion scenarios presents significant challenges. Although a few works have explicitly considered the occlusion problem, image-based methods are unreliable due to the lack of temporal constraints while video-based approaches cannot gain sufficient knowledge from time domain motion priors to address long-term occlusions. However, occluded human motion typically exhibits periodic patterns and consistent momentum. Inspired by this observation, we exploit reliable image observations in frequency domain and formulate the motion capture task as a wavelet coefficients selection process. Specifically, we first construct probabilistic distributions for the occluded 2D keypoints, and then introduce a frequency domain diffusion model to refine the distributions by learning long-term periodic information and physical momentum with Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). Consequently, the learned denoising prior can select valid wavelet components to facilitate the 3D motion capture with a 3D decoder. By employing a joint reprojection strategy, we can also use the same diffusion process to train the 3D decoder. To further promote human occlusion-related tasks, we also present the first 3D occluded motion dataset, OcMotion, which serves as a new benchmark for both training and evaluation. Experimental results demonstrate that our method can produce accurate and coherent human motions from occluded videos. More information is available at https://github.com/boycehbz/FreqMotion.
Camera and object motions are central to a video's narrative. However, precisely editing these captured motions remains a significant challenge, especially under complex object movements. Current motion-controlled image-to-video (I2V) approaches often lack full-scene context for consistent video editing, while video-to-video (V2V) methods provide viewpoint changes or basic object translation, but offer limited control over fine-grained object motion. We present a track-conditioned V2V framework that enables joint editing of camera and object motion. We achieve this by conditioning a video generation model on a source video and paired 3D point tracks representing source and target motions. These 3D tracks establish sparse correspondences that transfer rich context from the source video to new motions while preserving spatiotemporal coherence. Crucially, compared to 2D tracks, 3D tracks provide explicit depth cues, allowing the model to resolve depth order and handle occlusions for precise motion editing. Trained in two stages on synthetic and real data, our model supports diverse motion edits, including joint camera/object manipulation, motion transfer, and non-rigid deformation, unlocking new creative potential in video editing.
SAIDO: Generalizable Detection of AI-Generated Images via Scene-Aware and Importance-Guided Dynamic Optimization in Continual Learning
PDF ↗The widespread misuse of image generation technologies has raised security concerns, driving the development of AI-generated image detection methods. However, generalization has become a key challenge and open problem: existing approaches struggle to adapt to emerging generative methods and content types in real-world scenarios. To address this issue, we propose a Scene-Aware and Importance-Guided Dynamic Optimization detection framework with continual learning (SAIDO). Specifically, we design Scene-Awareness-Based Expert Module (SAEM) that dynamically identifies and incorporates new scenes using VLLMs. For each scene, independent expert modules are dynamically allocated, enabling the framework to capture scene-specific forgery features better and enhance cross-scene generalization. To achieve an effective balance between model plasticity and stability when learning from multiple image generative methods, we introduce Importance-Guided Dynamic Optimization Mechanism (IDOM), which optimizes each neuron through an importance-guided gradient projection strategy, thereby achieving an effective balance between model plasticity and stability. Extensive experiments on continual learning tasks demonstrate that our method outperforms the current SOTA method in both stability and plasticity, achieving 44.22% and 40.57% relative reductions in average detection error rate and forgetting rate, respectively. On open-world datasets, it improves the average detection accuracy by 9.47% compared to the current SOTA method.
The integration of new modalities enhances the capabilities of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) but also introduces additional vulnerabilities. In particular, simple visual jailbreaking attacks can manipulate open-source MLLMs more readily than sophisticated textual attacks. However, these underdeveloped attacks exhibit extremely limited cross-model transferability, failing to reliably identify vulnerabilities in closed-source MLLMs. In this work, we analyse the loss landscape of these jailbreaking attacks and find that the generated attacks tend to reside in high-sharpness regions, whose effectiveness is highly sensitive to even minor parameter changes during transfer. To further explain the high-sharpness localisations, we analyse their feature representations in both the intermediate layers and the spectral domain, revealing an improper reliance on narrow layer representations and semantically poor frequency components. Building on this, we propose a Feature Over-Reliance CorrEction (FORCE) method, which guides the attack to explore broader feasible regions across layer features and rescales the influence of frequency features according to their semantic content. By eliminating non-generalizable reliance on both layer and spectral features, our method discovers flattened feasible regions for visual jailbreaking attacks, thereby improving cross-model transferability. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our approach effectively facilitates visual red-teaming evaluations against closed-source MLLMs.
Continual Generalized Category Discovery (C-GCD) seeks to incrementally discover new categories from unlabeled data and memorize old categories' knowledge, fostering model adaptability in real-world scenarios. Especially, the unlabeled data is from both old and new classes, requiring the model to recognize previously learned classes while discovering. In response, recent efforts focus on devising specific frameworks and various anti-forgetting strategies, striving for a typical stability-plasticity trade-off. Unlike previous studies, in this work, we first revisit these methods and identify that most of these methods over-protect old classes, hampering the accurate discovery of novel ones. To address this challenge, we introduce the Decouple Your Discovery and Memory (DYDM), a dual-branch architecture that decouples the discovery of new classes and the memorization of old classes. The discovery branch is focused on accurately recognizing new classes, while the memory branch consolidates all identified categories in a recursive manner and functions as the inference branch. Importantly, benefiting from the strong knowledge retention ability of the memory branch, the discovery branch can facilitate the recognition of novel classes from the unlabeled data, achieving a win-win outcome between plasticity and stability. Extensive experiments on various datasets and settings demonstrate the superiority of our approach, achieving leads of up to 9.87%, 7.30%, 3.18%, and 8.25%. Furthermore, our framework can integrate with existing approaches, consistently enhancing their performance.
Federated Learning (FL) is plagued by two key challenges: high communication overhead and performance collapse on heterogeneous (non-IID) data. Analytic FL (AFL) provides a single-round, data distribution invariant solution, but is limited to linear models. Subsequent non-linear approaches, like DeepAFL, regain accuracy but sacrifice the single-round benefit. In this work, we break this trade-off. We propose SAFLe, a framework that achieves scalable non-linear expressivity by introducing a structured head of bucketed features and sparse, grouped embeddings. We prove this non-linear architecture is mathematically equivalent to a high-dimensional linear regression. This key equivalence allows SAFLe to be solved with AFL's single-shot, invariant aggregation law. Empirically, SAFLe establishes a new state-of-the-art for analytic FL, significantly outperforming both linear AFL and multi-round DeepAFL in accuracy across all benchmarks, demonstrating a highly efficient and scalable solution for federated vision.
Egocentric perception on smart glasses could transform how we learn new skills in the physical world, but automatic skill assessment remains a fundamental technical challenge. We introduce SkillSight for power-efficient skill assessment from first-person data. Central to our approach is the hypothesis that skill level is evident not only in how a person performs an activity (video), but also in how they directtheir attention when doing so (gaze). Our two-stage framework first learns to jointly model gaze and egocentric video when predicting skill level, then distills a gaze-only student model. At inference, the student model requires only gaze input, drastically reducing power consumption by eliminating continuous video processing. Experiments on three datasets spanning cooking, music, and sports establish, for the first time, the valuable role of gaze in skill understanding across diverse real-world settings. Our SkillSight teacher model achieves state-of-the-art performance, while our gaze-only student variant maintains high accuracy using 73x less power than competing methods. These results pave the way for in-the-wild AI-supported skill learning.
Generalized Category Discovery (GCD) aims to identify both known and novel classes from unlabeled data with the aid of labeled examples. While promising, most existing GCD methods rely on simultaneous access to labeled and unlabeled datasets--an assumption often impractical in real-world deployments. Continual Category Discovery (CCD) relaxes this requirement by adapting a pre-trained model to streaming unlabeled data, yet it typically assumes domain-consistent data distributions. This places a strong limitation on its applicability. In this work, we study Open Continual Category Discovery (OCCD), where the model must robustly discover previously unseen concepts from real-world data streams that may originate from heterogeneous and shifting domains. To address this, we propose an adaptive framework built on three key ideas. First, we propose a weight-aware separation module, which leverages partial unbalanced optimal transport for instance probability modeling and employs binary response spectrum quantization to generate cues for distinguishing known and unknown categories, enabling automatic sample separation. Second, for known categories, we introduce a cross-domain semantic alignment module that incorporates adversarial learning to perform adaptive prototype matching, thereby enhancing robustness against domain shifts. Finally, for unknown categories, we design a category topology consistency constraint that preserves semantic relationships between known and novel classes during distribution shifts. Experiments show our approach excels at discovering new categories while maintaining strong performance on known ones in evolving domains.
Bamboo slips are essential media for recording ancient East Asian civilizations, but excavated slips often suffer severe deformation due to dehydration and stress effects, creating substantial challenges for restoration. Traditional manual restoration is time-consuming and risks damage, while existing generative models struggle with the complex non-linear deformations in bamboo materials.We propose a novel framework for inverse restoration of deformed bamboo slips that provides a progressive physical deformation modeling with stepwise inverse displacement prediction. Our approach establishes a computable mathematical model of deformation based on wood fiber microstructure and stress-diffusion coupling effects, enabling the forward process to simulate physically plausible deformation trajectories as a deterministic, physics-driven progressive evolution. The inverse process transforms from predicting abstract noise to learning physically meaningful inverse displacement fields that progressively restore deformations.Experimental results show substantial gains in restoration fidelity while preserving delicate textual features, enabling the reliable correction of complex non-linear deformations that defeat traditional techniques. By integrating physical insights into bamboo material behavior with progressive restoration modeling, this work establishes a new paradigm for digital archaeological restoration--one that holds significant potential to transform how deformed cultural relics are reconstructed and studied. Code is available at https://github.com/VillanelleQQ/PGDR-BambooSlips
Cross-domain few-shot object detection (CD-FSOD) aims to adapt pretrained detectors from a source domain to target domains with limited annotations, suffering from severe domain shifts and data scarcity problems. In this work, we find a previously overlooked phenomenon: models exhibit dispersed and unfocused attention in target domains, leading to imprecise localization and redundant predictions, just like a human cannot focus on visual objects. Therefore, we call it the target-domain Astigmatism problem. Analysis on attention distances across transformer layers reveals that regular fine-tuning inherently shows a trend to remedy this problem, but results are still far from satisfactory, which we aim to enhance in this paper. Biologically inspired by the human fovea-style visual system, we enhance the fine-tuning's inherent trend through a center-periphery attention refinement framework, which contains (1) a Positive Pattern Refinement module to reshape attention toward semantic objects using class-specific prototypes, simulating the visual center region; (2) a Negative Context Modulation module to enhance boundary discrimination by modeling background context, simulating the visual periphery region; and (3) a Textual Semantic Alignment module to strengthen center-periphery distinction through cross-modal cues. Our bio-inspired approach transforms astigmatic attention into focused patterns, substantially improving adaptation to target domains. Experiments on six challenging CD-FSOD benchmarks consistently demonstrate improved detection accuracy and establish new state-of-the-art results.
CoFiDA-M: Concept-Aware Feature Modulation for Cross-Domain Adaptation with Image-Only Inference
PDF ↗Models for AI-based skin cancer screening suffer a severe performance drop when shifting from expert dermoscopic (source) images to consumer-grade clinical (target) photos, hindering real-world deployment. Existing domain adaptation methods often ignore crucial semantic invariants, such as clinical concepts. While new foundation models like MONET can provide this semantic information as dense, probabilistic scores, this metadata is unavailable at test time, creating a deployment paradox for practical image-only screening tools. We address this gap by proposing CoFiDA-M, a privileged information framework that learns from concepts at training time but deploys as an image-only model. Our method trains a teacher network that uses MONET concept probabilities to guide a FiLM modulator, transforming visual features into a semantically "edited" feature space. A lightweight, image-only student is then trained to reproduce this edited representation, not just the teacher's final predictions. This distillation "bakes" the clinical reasoning into the student's weights.On a challenging multi-dataset benchmark, our image-only student significantly outperforms state-of-the-art approaches, especially in melanoma recall. Our work provides a practical and generalizable framework for leveraging noisy, probabilistic metadata as privileged information, demonstrating strong cross-dataset robustness and potential for real-world deployment beyond dermatology. The code will be made publicly available upon acceptance.
In this paper, we introduce Object-WIPER, a training-free framework for removing dynamic objects and their associated visual effects from videos, and inpainting them with semantically consistent and temporally coherent content. Our approach leverages a pre-trained text-to-video diffusion transformer (DiT). Given an input video, a user-provided object mask, and query tokens describing the target object and its effects, we localize relevant visual tokens via visual-text cross-attention and visual self-attention. This produces an intermediate effect mask that we fuse with the user mask to obtain a final foreground token mask to replace. We first invert the video through the DiT to obtain structured noise, then reinitialize the masked tokens with Gaussian noise while preserving background tokens. During denoising, we copy values for the background tokens saved during inversion to maintain scene fidelity. To address the lack of suitable evaluation, we introduce a new object removal metric that rewards temporal consistency among foreground tokens across consecutive frames, coherence between foreground and background tokens within each frame, and dissimilarity between the input and output foreground tokens. Experiments on DAVIS and a newly curated real-world associated effect benchmark WIPER-Bench show that Object-WIPER surpasses both training-based and training-free baselines in terms of the metric, achieving clean removal and temporally stable reconstruction without any retraining. Our new benchmark, source code, and pre-trained models will be publicly available.
Reconstructing dynamic visual experiences from brain activity provides a compelling avenue for exploring the neural mechanisms of human visual perception. While recent progress in fMRI-based image reconstruction has been notable, extending this success to video reconstruction remains a significant challenge. Current fMRI-to-video reconstruction approaches consistently encounter two major shortcomings: (i) inconsistent visual representations of salient objects across frames, leading to appearance mismatches; (ii) poor temporal coherence, resulting in motion misalignment or abrupt frame transitions.To address these limitations, we introduce SemVideo, a novel fMRI-to-video reconstruction framework guided by hierarchical semantic information. At the core of SemVideo is SemMiner, a hierarchical guidance module that constructs three levels of semantic cues from the original video stimulus: static anchor descriptions, motion-oriented narratives, and holistic summaries. Leveraging this semantic guidance, SemVideo comprises three key components: a Semantic Alignment Decoder that aligns fMRI signals with CLIP-style embeddings derived from SemMiner, a Motion Adaptation Decoder that reconstructs dynamic motion patterns using a novel tripartite attention fusion architecture, and a Conditional Video Render that leverages hierarchical semantic guidance for video reconstruction. Experiments conducted on the CC2017 and HCP datasets demonstrate that SemVideo achieves superior performance in both semantic alignment and temporal consistency, setting a new state-of-the-art in fMRI-to-video reconstruction.
Recent advances in point cloud In-Context Learning (ICL) have demonstrated strong multitask capabilities. Existing approaches typically adopt a Masked Point Modeling (MPM)-based paradigm for point cloud ICL. However, MPM-based methods directly predict the target point cloud from masked tokens without leveraging geometric priors, requiring the model to infer spatial structure and geometric details solely from token-level correlations via transformers. Additionally, these methods suffer from a training-inference objective mismatch, as the model learns to predict the target point cloud using target-side information that is unavailable at inference time. To address these challenges, we propose DeformPIC, a deformation-based framework for point cloud ICL. Unlike existing approaches that rely on masked reconstruction, DeformPIC learns to deform the query point cloud under task-specific guidance from prompts, enabling explicit geometric reasoning and consistent objectives. Extensive experiments demonstrate that DeformPIC consistently outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods, achieving reductions of 1.6, 1.8, and 4.7 points in average Chamfer Distance on reconstruction, denoising, and registration tasks, respectively. Furthermore, we introduce a new out-of-domain benchmark to evaluate generalization across unseen data distributions, where DeformPIC achieves state-of-the-art performance.
Recent advances in multimodal models have demonstrated remarkable text-guided image editing capabilities, with systems like GPT-4o and Nano-Banana setting new benchmarks. However, the research community's progress remains constrained by the absence of large-scale, high-quality, and openly accessible datasets built from real images. We introduce Pico-Banana-400K, a comprehensive 400K-image dataset for instruction-based image editing. Our dataset is constructed by leveraging Nano-Banana to generate diverse edit pairs from real photographs in the OpenImages collection. What distinguishes Pico-Banana-400K from previous synthetic datasets is our systematic approach to quality and diversity. We employ a fine-grained image editing taxonomy to ensure comprehensive coverage of edit types while maintaining precise content preservation and instruction faithfulness through MLLM-based quality scoring and careful curation. Beyond single turn editing, Pico-Banana-400K enables research into complex editing scenarios. The dataset includes three specialized subsets: (1) a 72K-example multi-turn collection for studying sequential editing, reasoning, and planning across consecutive modifications; (2) a 56K-example preference subset for alignment research and reward model training; and (3) paired long-short editing instructions for developing instruction rewriting and summarization capabilities. By providing this large-scale, high-quality, and task-rich resource, Pico-Banana-400K establishes a robust foundation for training and benchmarking the next generation of text-guided image editing models.
Estimating human gaze targets from images in-the-wild is an important and formidable task. Existing approaches primarily employ brittle, multi-stage pipelines that require explicit inputs, like head bounding boxes and human pose, in order to identify the subject of gaze analysis. As a result, detection errors can cascade and lead to failure. Moreover, these prior works lack the flexibility of specifying the gaze analysis task via natural language prompting, an approach which has been shown to have significant benefits in convenience and scalability for other image analysis tasks. To overcome these limitations, we introduce the Promptable Gaze Target Estimation (PGE) task, a new end-to-end, concept-driven paradigm for gaze analysis. PGE conditions gaze prediction on flexible user text or visual prompts (e.g., "the boy in the red shirt" or "person in point [0.52, 0.48]") to identify a specific subject for gaze analysis. This approach integrates subject localization with gaze estimation, and eliminates the rigid dependency on intermediate analysis stages. We develop a scalable data engine to generate Gaze-Co (Gaze Estimation with Concepts), a dataset and benchmark of 120K high-quality, prompt-annotated image pairs. We also propose GazeAnywhere, the first model designed for PGE. GazeAnywhere uses a transformer-based detector to fuse features from frozen encoders and simultaneously solves subject localization, in/out-of-frame presence, and gaze target heatmap estimation. GazeAnywhere achieves state-of-the-art performance on multiple PGE benchmarks, setting a strong baseline for this new problem even on a difficult out-of-domain, real-world clinical dataset. GazeAnywhere is open-sourced in github.com/IrohXu/GazeAnywhere.