Text-driven multi-object image editing which aims to precisely modify multiple objects within an image based on text descriptions, has recently attracted considerable interest. Existing works primarily follow the localize-editing paradigm, focusing on independent object localization and editing while neglecting critical inter-object interactions. However, this work points out that the neglected attention entanglements in inter-object conflict regions, inherently hinder disentangled multi-object editing, leading to either inter-object editing leakage or intra-object editing constraints. We thereby propose a novel multi-layer disentangled editing framework LayerEdit, a training-free method which, for the first time, through precise object-layered decomposition and coherent fusion, enables conflict-free object-layered editing. Specifically, LayerEdit introduces a novel “decompose-editing-fusion” framework, consisting of: (1) Conflict-aware Layer Decomposition module, which utilizes an attention-aware IoU scheme and time-dependent region removing, to enhance conflict awareness and suppression for layer decomposition. (2) Object-layered Editing module, to establish coordinated intra-layer text guidance and cross-layer geometric mapping, achieving disentangled semantic and structural modifications. (3) Transparency-guided Layer Fusion module, to facilitate structure-coherent inter-object layer fusion through precise transparency guidance learning. Extensive experiments verify the superiority of LayerEdit over existing methods, showing unprecedented intra-object controllability and inter-object coherence in complex multi-object scenarios.
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MOGO: Residual Quantized Hierarchical Causal Transformer for Real-Time and Infinite-Length 3D Human Motion Generation
PDF ↗Recent advances in transformer-based text-to-motion generation have significantly improved motion quality. However, achieving both real-time performance and long-horizon scalability remains an open challenge. In this paper, we present MOGO (Motion Generation with One-pass), a novel autoregressive framework for efficient and scalable 3D human motion generation. MOGO consists of two key components. First, we introduce MoSA-VQ, a motion scale-adaptive residual vector quantization module that hierarchically discretizes motion sequences through learnable scaling parameters, enabling dynamic allocation of representation capacity and producing compact yet expressive multi-level representations. Second, we design the RQHC-Transformer, a residual quantized hierarchical causal transformer that decodes motion tokens in a single forward pass. Each transformer block aligns with one quantization level, allowing hierarchical abstraction and temporally coherent generation with strong semantic flow. Compared to diffusion- and LLM-based approaches, MOGO achieves lower inference latency while preserving high motion fidelity. Moreover, its hierarchical latent design enables seamless and controllable infinite-length motion generation, with stable transitions and the ability to adaptively incorporate updated control signals at arbitrary points in time. To further enhance generalization and interpretability, we introduce Textual Condition Alignment (TCA), which leverages large language models with Chain-of-Thought reasoning to bridge the gap between real-world prompts and training data. TCA not only improves zero-shot performance on unseen datasets but also enriches motion comprehension for in-distribution prompts through explicit intent decomposition. Extensive experiments on HumanML3D, KIT-ML, and the unseen CMP dataset demonstrate that MOGO outperforms prior methods in generation quality, inference efficiency, and temporal scalability.
DR.Experts: Differential Refinement of Distortion-Aware Experts for Blind Image Quality Assessment
PDF ↗Blind Image Quality Assessment, aiming to replicate human perception of visual quality without reference, plays a key role in vision tasks, yet existing models often fail to effectively capture subtle distortion cues, leading to a misalignment with human subjective judgments. We identify that the root cause of this limitation lies in the lack of reliable distortion priors, as methods typically learn shallow relationships between unified image features and quality scores, resulting in their insensitive nature to distortions and thus limiting their performance. To address this, we introduce DR.Experts, a novel prior-driven BIQA framework designed to explicitly incorporate distortion priors, enabling a reliable quality assessment. DR.Experts begins by leveraging a degradation-aware vision-language model to obtain distortion-specific priors, which are further refined and enhanced by the proposed Distortion-Saliency Differential Module through distinguishing them from semantic attentions, thereby ensuring the genuine representations of distortions. The refined priors, along with semantics and bridging representation, are then fused by a proposed mixture-of-experts style module named the Dynamic Distortion Weighting Module. This mechanism weights each distortion-specific feature as per its perceptual impact, ensuring that the final quality prediction aligns with human perception. Extensive experiments conducted on five challenging BIQA benchmarks demonstrate the superiority of DR.Experts over current methods and showcase its excellence in terms of generalization and data efficiency.
Human artists can continuously refine their coarse sketches during artistic creation. This is quite different from existing autoregressive generation, where a token is determined once sampled. Aiming to flexibly refine the generated contents, this paper presents a Self-Calibrated AutoregressioN (SCAN) model capable of self-evaluating and refining generation quality without regenerating the entire image. We unify image token generation and quality evaluation into a single autoregressive model, formulating both tasks as categorical prediction problems. During inference, the model first generates a coarse initial image, then iteratively refines the lowest-quality patches until satisfactory image quality is achieved. Experimental results demonstrate that SCAN effectively handles diverse real-world generation errors and achieves a promising balance between image quality and speed. For example, SCAN-XL achieves an FID of 2.10 and an IS of 326.1, surpassing the LlamaGen-XL by 1.29 (+38%) in FID and 99.0 (+43.6%) in IS, with a 5.6× speedup (19.76s to 3.56s). Compared to recent works, SCAN improves FID and speed by +18.3% and +23% over VAR-d20, and by +7% and +46% over RandAR-XL.
We present ElastoGen, a knowledge-driven AI model that generates physically accurate 4D elastodynamics. Unlike deep models that learn from video- or image-based observations, ElastoGen leverages the principles of physics and learns from established mathematical and optimization procedures. The core idea of ElastoGen is converting the differential equation, corresponding to the nonlinear force equilibrium, into a series of iterative local convolution-like operations, which naturally fit deep architectures. We carefully build our network module following this overarching design philosophy. ElastoGen is much more lightweight in terms of both training requirements and network scale than deep generative models. Because of its alignment with actual physical procedures, ElastoGen efficiently generates accurate dynamics for a wide range of hyperelastic materials and can be easily integrated with upstream and downstream deep modules to enable end-to-end 4D generation.
IE-SRGS: An Internal-External Knowledge Fusion Framework for High-Fidelity 3D Gaussian Splatting Super-Resolution
PDF ↗Reconstructing high-resolution (HR) 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) models from low-resolution (LR) inputs remains challenging due to the lack of fine-grained textures and geometry. Existing methods typically rely on pre-trained 2D super-resolution (2DSR) models to enhance textures, but suffer from 3D Gaussian ambiguity arising from cross-view inconsistencies and domain gaps inherent in 2DSR models. We propose IE-SRGS, a novel 3DGS SR paradigm that addresses this issue by jointly leveraging the complementary strengths of external 2DSR priors and internal 3DGS features. Specifically, we use 2DSR and depth estimation models to generate HR images and depth maps as external knowledge, and employ multi-scale 3DGS models to produce cross-view consistent, domain-adaptive counterparts as internal knowledge. A mask-guided fusion strategy is introduced to integrate these two sources and synergistically exploit their complementary strengths, effectively guiding the 3D Gaussian optimization toward high-fidelity reconstruction. Extensive experiments on both synthetic and real-world benchmarks show that IE-SRGS consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods in both quantitative accuracy and visual fidelity.
The latest advancements in scene relighting have been predominantly driven by inverse rendering with 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS). However, existing methods remain overly reliant on precise camera parameters under static illumination conditions, which is prohibitively expensive and even impractical in real-world scenarios. In this paper, we propose a novel learning from Unposed views under Varied illuminations Relightable 3D Gaussian Splatting (dubbed UV-RGS), to address this challenge by jointly optimizing camera poses, 3DGS representations, surface materials, and environment illuminations (i.e., unknown and varied lighting conditions in training) using only unposed views under varied lightings. Firstly, UV-RGS presents a viewpoint dividing strategy to group inputs into constituent units, enabling each unit can perform similar poses and illuminations. Next, for each unit, to get the constituent model, UV-RGS establishes an incrementally pose learning module to estimate coarse camera parameters, which also enjoy a proxy-view refinement to alleviate the sparse view learning. Additionally, for all constituent unit models, we introduce a holistic model learning strategy that integrates progressive unit aggregation component and the 3DGS coupled with camera poses joint optimization, which realizes the scene high-fidelity perception by the physical-based rendering. Extensive experiments on both real-world and synthetic challenging datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of UV-RGS, achieving the state-of-the-art performance for scene inverse rendering by learning 3DGS from only unposed views under varied illuminations.
Stabilizing Cross-Modal Bidirectional Attribution: Few-Shot Adversarial Prompt Tuning for Robust Vision-Language Models
PDF ↗Large-scale pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs) like CLIP show exceptional performance and zero-shot generalization. However, their reliability may be severely undermined by a critical vulnerability to subtle adversarial perturbations. Our work reveals a critical cross-modal vulnerability: visual-only perturbations induce substantial, synchronous shifts in decision attribution maps across both image and text. This phenomenon signifies a fundamental disruption of the VLM's internal logic, as it alters both the model's perceptual focus and its decision rationale. To counter this vulnerability, we introduce Cross-modal Bidirectional Attribution guided Few-shot Adversarial Prompt Tuning (CBA-FAPT), a novel method that leverages the model's internal decision rationale as a regularizer for robust learning. Our framework's core mechanism is the alignment of a novel bidirectional attribution map. This map is a unique fusion of two components. It combines forward feature attention to capture the model's perceptual focus. It also incorporates backward decision gradients to act as a proxy for the model's decision rationale, quantifying how each feature influences the final outcome. We enforce consistency on this bidirectional map between clean and adversarial examples. This approach corrects the model's internal logic on two fronts and effectively restores its adversarial robustness. Comprehensive experiments on 11 datasets demonstrate that CBA-FAPT outperforms the state-of-the-art, establishing a superior trade-off between robust and natural accuracy.
Zero-shot Implicit Neural Manifold Representation (INMR) for Ultra-high Temporal Resolution Dynamic MRI
PDF ↗Capturing accurate dynamic information of moving organs is essential for functional assessment using non-invasive imaging modalities. Achieving high temporal resolution visualization of physiological processes remains a critical challenge in dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) when reconstructing from extremely limited acquisitions. We introduce an unsupervised zero-shot reconstruction framework combining Implicit Neural Representation (INR) with manifold learning, capable of reconstructing dynamic MRI data at unprecedented temporal resolutions (less than 10 ms per frame for 2D imaging, less than 400 ms per frame for 3D imaging). The framework employs learnable low-dimensional manifold vectors to autonomously capture motion in real time directly from undersampled data, and dynamically condition coordinate-based spatial representations to generate high-fidelity image sequences. Through a novel spatiotemporal coarse-to-fine (C2F) optimization strategy, our method outperforms current state-of-the-art (SOTA) techniques across multiple imaging scenarios, including cardiac, speech and dynamic-contrast-enhanced (DCE) abdominal MRI, demonstrating robust performance under challenging motion patterns and contrast dynamics. The learned manifolds additionally provide intuitive visualization of motion and contrast evolution during imaging. These advances indicate strong clinical potential for applications requiring extreme temporal resolution while maintaining both anatomical and temporal fidelity.
Personalized image generation aims to produce images of user-specified concepts while enabling flexible editing. Recent training-free approaches, while exhibiting higher computational efficiency than training-based methods, struggle with identity preservation, applicability, and compatibility with diffusion transformers (DiTs). In this paper, we uncover the untapped potential of DiT, where simply replacing denoising tokens with those of a reference subject achieves zero-shot subject reconstruction. This simple yet effective feature injection technique unlocks diverse scenarios, from personalization to image editing. Building upon this observation, we propose Personalize Anything, a training-free framework that achieves personalized image generation in DiT through:1) timestep-adaptive token replacement that enforces subject consistency via early-stage injection and enhances flexibility through late-stage regularization, and 2) patch perturbation strategies to boost structural diversity. Our method seamlessly supports layout-guided generation, multi-subject personalization, and mask-controlled editing. Evaluations demonstrate that our method, without requiring any training, achieves state-of-the-art performance in identity preservation and versatility. Our work establishes new insights into DiTs while delivering a practical paradigm for efficient personalization.
Sparse3DPR: Training-Free 3D Hierarchical Scene Parsing and Task-Adaptive Subgraph Reasoning from Sparse RGB Views
PDF ↗Recently, large language models (LLMs) have been explored widely for 3D scene understanding. Among them, training-free approaches are gaining attention for their flexibility and generalization over training-based methods. However, they typically struggle with accuracy and efficiency in practical deployment. To address the problems, we propose Sparse3DPR, a novel training-free framework for open-ended scene understanding, which leverages the reasoning capabilities of pre-trained LLMs and requires only sparse-view RGB inputs. Specifically, we introduce a hierarchical plane-enhanced scene graph that supports open vocabulary and adopts dominant planar structures as spatial anchors, which enables clearer reasoning chains and more reliable high-level inferences. Furthermore, we design a task-adaptive subgraph extraction method to filter query-irrelevant information dynamically, reducing contextual noise and improving 3D scene reasoning efficiency and accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of Sparse3DPR, which achieves a 28.7% EM@1 improvement and a 78.2% speedup compared with ConceptGraphs on the Space3D-Bench. Moreover, Sparse3DPR obtains comparable performance to training-based methods on ScanQA, with additional real-world experiments confirming its robustness and generalization capability.
Scene-Aware Spatiotemporal Generalization: Towards Robust Temporal Action Detection Across Domains
PDF ↗Temporal Action Detection (TAD) aims to identify specific actions in long, untrimmed videos by determining their start, end times and categories, yet existing models suffer from performance degradation under out-of-distribution scenarios due to unrealistic i.i.d. assumptions. While domain generalization (DG) offers a promising solution, image-based DG methods fail to address the unique spatiotemporal challenges in video-based TAD, including the spatiotemporal complexities and significant variations in action instance scales and densities across domains. To bridge this gap, we propose the first DG framework tailored for TAD. We propose Scene-Aware Video Segmentation, which segments videos based on semantic similarity, addressing cross-domain action instance density and scale discrepancies. Additionally, we present Temporal-Aware Normalization Perturbation to generate diverse video features while preserving temporal integrity. We establish the first DG-TAD benchmark, evaluating 11 state-of-the-art DG methods across four datasets. The experiments demonstrate that our framework consistently outperforms existing approaches, achieving superior generalization on unseen domains. The proposed modules are architecture-agnostic, offering plug-and-play compatibility for broader video understanding tasks.
Open-world 3D scene understanding is fundamentally challenging for vision and robotics, due to the constraints of closed-vocabulary supervision and static annotations. To address this, we propose a unified framework for Open-World 3D Scene Graph Generation with Retrieval-Augmented Reasoning, which enables generalizable and interactive 3D scene understanding. Our method integrates vision-language models with retrieval-based reasoning to support multimodal exploration and language-guided interaction. The framework comprises two key components: (1) a dynamic scene graph generation module that detects objects and infers semantic relationships without fixed label sets, and (2) a retrieval-augmented reasoning pipeline that encodes scene graphs into a vector database to support text/image-conditioned queries. We evaluate our method on 3DSSG and Replica benchmarks across four tasks—scene question answering, visual grounding, instance retrieval, and task planning—demonstrating robust generalization and superior performance in diverse environments. Our results highlight the effectiveness of combining open-vocabulary perception with retrieval-based reasoning for scalable 3D scene understanding.
Driven by the wave of large language models, Video-Language Models (VLMs) have become a significant yet challenging technology to bridge the gap between videos and texts. Although previous VLM works have made significant progress, almost all of them implicitly assume that all the texts are predefined by the specific template. In real-world applications, such a strict assumption is impossible to satisfy since 1) predefining all the texts is extremely time-consuming and labor-intensive. 2) these predefined text inputs are too restrictive and user-unfriendly, limiting their applications. It is observed that given a video input, texts with similar semantics but different templates lead to various performances. To this end, in this paper, we propose a novel plug-and-play framework for various VLM-based methods to fully bridge videos and texts. Specifically, we first generate positive and negative texts from the original ones to target specific text components. Then, we propose an attribute-based text reasoning strategy to mine fine-grained textual semantics of generated texts. Finally, we utilize videos as guidance to conduct cross-modal bridging by designing a self-weighted loss. Extensive experiments show that the proposed method can serve as the plug-and-play module to effectively improve the performance of state-of-the-art VLMs.
Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly vulnerable to adversarial prompts that exploit semantic ambiguities to bypass safety mechanisms, resulting in harmful or inappropriate outputs. Such attacks, including jailbreaking and prompt injection, pose significant risks to the integrity and availability of LLMs in security-critical applications. This paper proposes the Adversarial Prompt Disentanglement (APD) framework, a novel defense mechanism that proactively identifies and neutralizes malicious components in input prompts before they are processed by the LLM. The APD framework integrates three key innovations: (1) a mutual information- based semantic decomposition method to isolate adversarial and benign prompt components, ensuring statistical in- dependence; (2) a graph-based intent classification approach that leverages spectral analysis to detect malicious patterns in prompt semantics; and (3) a lightweight transformer-based classifier trained on real-world datasets of toxic and jailbreaking prompts, enabling efficient and accurate adversarial intent detection. Evaluated on diverse datasets containing adversarial prompts, APD demonstrates superior robustness, reducing harmful output generation by over 85% while maintaining negligible impact on model performance. The framework’s computational efficiency supports real-time deploy- ment, making it a practical solution for securing LLMs. Our work addresses critical challenges in machine learning security on novel attacks and integrity methods for ML systems, and offers a scalable, ethically grounded defense against prompt-based adversarial threats.
Unveiling the Fragility of Vision-Language Models: Multi-Modal Adversarial Synergy via Texture-Constrained Perturbations and Cross-Modal Optimization
PDF ↗Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have transformed multi-modal understanding, excelling in tasks like image captioning and visual question answering by integrating visual and textual inputs. However, their robustness against adversarial attacks—particularly those exploiting both modalities—remains underexplored, posing risks to critical applications like autonomous driving and content moderation. Existing attacks focus on single modalities or require impractical white-box access, limiting their real-world relevance. In this paper, we introduce Multi-Modal Adversarial Synergy (MMAS), a groundbreaking framework that crafts universal, black-box multi-modal attacks against LVLMs. MMAS simultaneously generates a texture scale-constrained Universal Adversarial Perturbation (UAP) for images and a learnable prompt perturbation for text, optimized jointly using only model queries. The image perturbation, bounded by an L∞-norm, leverages wavelet-based texture constraints to ensure imperceptibility and robustness across diverse visual inputs. The text perturbation, constrained by an L2-norm in the embedding space, maintains semantic coherence while steering outputs toward a target. A novel cross-modal regularization term aligns the perturbations’ gradient directions, enhancing their synergistic impact and transferability across tasks and models. Extensive experiments are conducted to verify the strong universal adversarial capabilities of our proposed attack with prevalent LVLMs, spanning a spectrum of tasks on various datasets, all achieved without delving into the details of the model structures.
Video-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated impressive multi-modal reasoning capabilities across diverse computer vision applications. However, these VLMs are task-specific and assume that both video and language inputs are complete. However, real-world VLM applications might face challenges due to deactivated sensors (e.g., cameras are unavailable due to data privacy), yielding modality-incomplete data and leading to inconsistency between training and testing data. While straightforward incomplete input can boast training generalization-ability and lead to training failure, its potential risks to VLMs regarding safety and trustworthiness have been largely neglected. To this end, we make the first attempt to propose a unified incomplete video-language model to process the incomplete multi-modal inputs. Extensive experimental results show that our method can serve as a plug-and-play module for previous works to improve their performance in various multi-modal tasks.
Image reflection separation aims to disentangle the transmission layer and the reflection layer from a blended image. Existing methods rely on limited information from a single image, tending to confuse the two layers when their contrasts are similar, a challenge more severe at night. To address this issue, we propose the Depth-Memory Decoupling Network (DMDNet). It employs the Depth-Aware Scanning (DAScan) to guide Mamba toward salient structures, promoting information flow along semantic coherence to construct stable states. Working in synergy with DAScan, the Depth-Synergized State-Space Model (DS-SSM) modulates the sensitivity of state activations by depth, suppressing the spread of ambiguous features that interfere with layer disentanglement. Furthermore, we introduce the Memory Expert Compensation Module (MECM), leveraging cross-image historical knowledge to guide experts in providing layer-specific compensation. To address the lack of datasets for nighttime reflection separation, we construct the Nighttime Image Reflection Separation (NightIRS) dataset. Extensive experiments demonstrate that DMDNet outperforms state-of-the-art methods in both daytime and nighttime.
Spatio-Temporal Context Learning with Temporal Difference Convolution for Moving Infrared Small Target Detection
PDF ↗Moving infrared small target detection (IRSTD) plays a critical role in practical applications, such as surveillance of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and UAV-based search system. Moving IRSTD still remains highly challenging due to weak target features and complex background interference. Accurate spatio-temporal feature modeling is crucial for moving target detection, typically achieved through either temporal differences or spatio-temporal (3D) convolutions. Temporal difference can explicitly leverage motion cues but exhibits limited capability in extracting spatial features, whereas 3D convolution effectively represents spatio-temporal features yet lacks explicit awareness of motion dynamics along the temporal dimension. In this paper, we propose a novel moving IRSTD network (TDCNet), which effectively extracts and enhances spatio-temporal features for accurate target detection. Specifically, we introduce a novel temporal difference convolution (TDC) re-parameterization module that comprises three parallel TDC blocks designed to capture contextual dependencies across different temporal ranges. Each TDC block fuses temporal difference and 3D convolution into a unified spatio-temporal convolution representation. This re-parameterized module can effectively capture multi-scale motion contextual features while suppressing pseudo-motion clutter in complex backgrounds, significantly improving detection performance. Moreover, we propose a TDC-guided spatio-temporal attention mechanism that performs cross-attention between the spatio-temporal features extracted from the TDC-based backbone and a parallel 3D backbone. This mechanism models their global semantic dependencies to refine the current frame’s features, thereby guiding the model to focus more accurately on critical target regions. To facilitate comprehensive evaluation, we construct a new challenging benchmark, IRSTD-UAV, consisting of 15,106 real infrared images with diverse low signal-to-clutter ratio scenarios and complex backgrounds. Extensive experiments on IRSTD-UAV and public infrared datasets demonstrate that our TDCNet achieves state-of-the-art detection performance in moving target detection.
Recent advancements in personalized Text-to-Video (T2V) generation have made significant strides in synthesizing character-specific content. However, these methods face a critical limitation: the inability to perform fine-grained control over motion intensity. This limitation stems from an inherent entanglement of action semantics and their corresponding magnitudes within coarse textual descriptions, hindering the generation of nuanced human videos and limiting their applicability in scenarios demanding high precision, such as animating virtual avatars or synthesizing subtle micro-expressions. Furthermore, existing approaches often struggle to preserve high identity fidelity when other attributes are modified. To address these challenges, we introduce MotionCharacter, a framework for high-fidelity human video generation with precise motion control. At its core, MotionCharacter explicitly decouples motion into two independently controllable components: action type and motion intensity. This is achieved through two key technical contributions: (1) a Motion Control Module that leverages textual phrases to specify the action type and a quantifiable metric derived from optical flow to modulate its intensity, guided by a region-aware loss that localizes motion to relevant subject areas; and (2) an ID Content Insertion Module coupled with an ID-Consistency loss to ensure robust identity preservation during dynamic motions. To facilitate training for such fine-grained control, we also curate Human-Motion, a new large-scale dataset with detailed annotations for both motion and facial features. Extensive experiments demonstrate that MotionCharacter achieves substantial improvements over existing methods. Our framework excels in generating videos that are not only identity-consistent but also precisely adhere to specified motion types and intensities.