Motion blur arises when rapid scene changes occur during the exposure period, collapsing rich intra-exposure motion into a single RGB frame. Without explicit structural or temporal cues, RGB-only deblurring is highly ill-posed and often fails under extreme motion. Inspired by the human visual system, brain-inspired vision sensors introduce temporally dense information to alleviate this problem. However, event cameras still suffer from event rate saturation under rapid motion, while the event modality entangles edge features and motion cues, which limits their effectiveness. As a recent breakthrough, the complementary vision sensor (CVS), Tianmouc, captures synchronized RGB frames together with high-frame-rate, multi-bit spatial difference (SD, encoding structural edges) and temporal difference (TD, encoding motion cues) data within a single RGB exposure, offering a promising solution for RGB deblurring under extreme dynamic scenes. To fully leverage these complementary modalities, we propose Spatio-Temporal Difference Guided Deblur Net (STGDNet), which adopts a recurrent multi-branch architecture that iteratively encodes and fuses SD and TD sequences to restore structure and color details lost in blurry RGB inputs. Our method outperforms current RGB or event-based approaches in both synthetic CVS dataset and real-world evaluations. Moreover, STGDNet exhibits strong generalization capability across over 100 extreme real-world scenarios. Project page: https://tmcDeblur.github.io/
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Recent advances in vision-language models (VLMs) have garnered substantial attention in open-vocabulary semantic and part segmentation (OSPS). However, existing methods extract image-text alignment cues from cost volumes through a serial structure of spatial and class aggregations, leading to knowledge interference between class-level semantics and spatial context. Therefore, this paper proposes a simple yet effective parallel cost aggregation (PCA-Seg) paradigm to alleviate the above challenge, enabling the model to capture richer vision-language alignment information from cost volumes. Specifically, we design an expert-driven perceptual learning (EPL) module that efficiently integrates semantic and contextual streams. It incorporates a multi-expert parser to extract complementary features from multiple perspectives. In addition, a coefficient mapper is designed to adaptively learn pixel-specific weights for each feature, enabling the integration of complementary knowledge into a unified and robust feature embedding. Furthermore, we propose a feature orthogonalization decoupling (FOD) strategy to mitigate redundancy between the semantic and contextual streams, which allows the EPL module to learn diverse knowledge from orthogonalized features. Extensive experiments on eight benchmarks show that each parallel block in PCA-Seg adds merely 0.35M parameters while achieving state-of-the-art OSPS performance.
3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) has demonstrated breakthrough performance in novel view synthesis and real-time rendering. Nevertheless, its practicality is constrained by the high memory cost due to a huge number of Gaussian points. Many pruning-based 3DGS variants have been proposed for memory saving, but often compromise spatial consistency and may lead to rendering artifacts. To address this issue, we propose graph-based spatial distribution optimization for compact 3D Gaussian Splatting (GS\textasciicircum2), which enhances reconstruction quality by optimizing the spatial distribution of Gaussian points. Specifically, we introduce an evidence lower bound (ELBO)-based adaptive densification strategy that automatically controls the densification process. In addition, an opacity-aware progressive pruning strategy is proposed to further reduce memory consumption by dynamically removing low-opacity Gaussian points. Furthermore, we propose a graph-based feature encoding module to adjust the spatial distribution via feature-guided point shifting. Extensive experiments validate that GS\textasciicircum2 achieves a compact Gaussian representation while delivering superior rendering quality. Compared with 3DGS, it achieves higher PSNR with only about 12.5% Gaussian points. Furthermore, it outperforms all compared baselines in both rendering quality and memory efficiency.
CRAFT-LoRA: Content-Style Personalization via Rank-Constrained Adaptation and Training-Free Fusion
PDF ↗Personalized image generation requires effectively balancing content fidelity with stylistic consistency when synthesizing images based on text and reference examples. Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) offers an efficient personalization approach, with potential for precise control through combining LoRA weights on different concepts. However, existing combination techniques face persistent challenges: entanglement between content and style representations, insufficient guidance for controlling elements' influence, and unstable weight fusion that often require additional training. We address these limitations through CRAFT-LoRA, with complementary components: (1) rank-constrained backbone fine-tuning that injects low-rank projection residuals to encourage learning decoupled content and style subspaces; (2) a prompt-guided approach featuring an expert encoder with specialized branches that enables semantic extension and precise control through selective adapter aggregation; and (3) a training-free, timestep-dependent classifier-free guidance scheme that enhances generation stability by strategically adjusting noise predictions across diffusion steps. Our method significantly improves content-style disentanglement, enables flexible semantic control over LoRA module combinations, and achieves high-fidelity generation without additional retraining overhead.
Post-training quantization (PTQ) with computational equivalence for Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable advances, however, their application to Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) presents substantial challenges. In this paper, we analyze SmoothQuant as a case study and identify two critical issues: Smoothing Misalignment and Cross-Modal Computational Invariance. To address these issues, we propose Modality-Aware Smoothing Quantization (MASQuant), a novel framework that introduces (1) Modality-Aware Smoothing (MAS), which learns separate, modality-specific smoothing factors to prevent Smoothing Misalignment, and (2) Cross-Modal Compensation (CMC), which addresses Cross-modal Computational Invariance by using SVD whitening to transform multi-modal activation differences into low-rank forms, enabling unified quantization across modalities. MASQuant demonstrates stable quantization performance across both dual-modal and tri-modal MLLMs. Experimental results show that MASQuant is competitive among the state-of-the-art PTQ algorithms.
On-the-fly Category Discovery (OCD) aims to dynamically identify both known and emerging unknown categories from streaming data, using supervision from only a limited set of labeled classes. Despite recent progress, our empirical analysis reveals fundamental limitations: existing methods suffer from cascading feature-to-hash degradation and severe space monopolization by known classes, fundamentally hindering novel category discovery. To address these coupled challenges, we introduce a principled two-stage framework.We first construct a Hyper-Semantic Space with dual geometric subspaces: a Derived Subspace employing parent-derived prototype augmentation to capture intra-class diversity and enhance inter-class discrimination, and a Calibrated Subspace synthesized through cross-prototype interpolation to impose distributional constraints and prevent representational collapse.Within this geometrically-constrained space, we perform Assignment-Driven Hash Learning, where Flexible Prototype Assignment (FPA) models intra-class variations and enhances inter-class separation, alongside Binary Hash Regularization (BHR) to enforce compact and discriminative hash representations. Our framework serves as a plug-and-play module, consistently improving state-of-the-art OCD methods across fine-grained benchmarks. Code will be released upon acceptance.
It is extremely hard for an underwater agent to know where it is. Satellite signals disappear within centimeters of the surface; acoustic baselines require heavy infrastructure to instrument small regions. The polarization of the sky, visible underwater, reveals the elevation of the sun. The pattern of elevation over the day reveals location to an agent with a clock. However, recovering elevation from polarization images is very difficult. State-of-the-art (SOTA) geolocalization methods can localize well for locations where they have seen data, but accuracy collapses when the data comes from a new location. Our physics-guided synthesis pipeline expands a huge library of polarization images from a small set of sites to 2.8 million solar-elevation-matched training sequences spanning latitudes, seasons, and water types. A compact two-stage transformer reconstructs the solar-elevation curve and predicts geolocation. Under leave-one-site-out tests, the site averaged median geodesic error is 500km--about an eightfold improvement over previous deep-learning baselines; with limited target-site data, the median error contracts to single-digit kilometers.
Unified Multimodal Models (UMMs) have shown impressive performance in both understanding and generation with a single architecture. However, UMMs still exhibit a fundamental inconsistency: understanding favors compact embeddings, whereas generation favors reconstruction-rich representations. This structural trade-off produces misaligned decision boundaries, degraded cross-modal coherence, and heightened vulnerability under distributional and adversarial shifts. In this paper, we present UniGame, a self-adversarial post-training framework that directly targets the inconsistencies. By applying a lightweight perturber at the shared token interface, UniGame enables the generation branch to actively seek and challenge fragile understanding, turning the model itself into its own adversary. Experiments demonstrate that UniGame significantly improves the consistency (+4.6%). Moreover, it also achieves substantial improvements in understanding (+3.6%), generation (+0.02), out-of-distribution and adversarial robustness (+4.8% and +6.2% on NaturalBench and AdVQA). The framework is architecture-agnostic, introduces <1% additional parameters, and is complementary to existing post-training methods. These results position adversarial self-play as a general and effective principle for enhancing the coherence, stability, and unified competence of future multimodal foundation models.
Part-level 3D generation is crucial for various downstream applications, including gaming, film production, and industrial design. However, decomposing a 3D shape into geometrically plausible and meaningful components remains a significant challenge. Previous part-based generation methods often struggle to produce well-constructed parts, exhibiting either poor structural coherence, geometric implausibility, inaccuracy, or inefficiency. To address these challenges, we introduce EI-Part, a novel framework specifically designed to generate high-quality 3D shapes with components distinguished by structural coherence, geometric plausibility, accuracy, and generation efficiency. We propose utilizing distinct representations at different stages: an Explode state for part completion and an Implode state for geometry refinement. This strategy allows us to fully leverage spatial resolution, enabling flexible part completion and fine geometric details generation. To maintain structural coherence between parts, a self-attention mechanism is incorporated in both the exploded and imploded states, facilitating effective information perception and feature fusion among components during generation. Extensive experiments conducted on various benchmarks demonstrate that EI-Part efficiently yields semantically meaningful and structurally coherent parts with fine-grained geometric details, achieving state-of-the-art performance in part-level generation compared to existing methods.
Learning robust contextual knowledge from unlabeled videos is essential for advancing self-supervised tracking. However, conventional self-supervised trackers lack effective context modeling, while existing context association methods based on non-semantic queries struggle to adapt to unlabeled tracking scenarios, making it difficult to learn reliable contextual cues. In this work, we propose a novel self-supervised tracking framework, named \tracker, which introduces a dual-modal context association mechanism that jointly leverages fine-grained semantic prompts and contextual noise to drive the model toward learning robust tracking representations. Adherent to the easy-to-hard learning principle, our contextual association mechanism operates based on two stages. During early training, instance patch tokens (prompts) are assigned to both forward and backward tracking branches to facilitate the acquisition of tracking knowledge. As training progresses, contextual noise is gradually injected into the model to perturb feature, encouraging the tracker to learn robust tracking representations in a more complex feature space. Thus, this novel contextual association mechanism enables our self-supervised model to learn high-quality tracking representations from unlabeled videos, while being applied exclusively during training to preserve efficient inference. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of our method.
We propose EventHub, a novel framework for training deep-event stereo networks without ground truth annotations from costly active sensors, relying instead on standard color images. From these images, we derive either proxy annotations and proxy events through state-of-the-art novel view synthesis techniques, or simply proxy annotations when images are already paired with event data. Using the training set generated by our data factory, we repurpose state-of-the-art stereo models from RGB literature to process event data, obtaining new event stereo models with unprecedented generalization capabilities.Experiments on widely used event stereo datasets support the effectiveness of EventHub and show how the same data distillation mechanism can improve the accuracy of RGB stereo foundation models in challenging conditions such as nighttime scenes.
Node-RF: Learning Generalized Continuous Space-Time Scene Dynamics with Neural ODE-based NeRFs
PDF ↗Predicting scene dynamics from visual observations is challenging. Existing methods capture dynamics only within observed boundaries failing to extrapolate far beyond the training sequence. Node-RF (Neural ODE-based NeRF) overcomes this limitation by integrating Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (NODEs) with dynamic Neural Radiance Fields (NeRFs), enabling a continuous-time, spatiotemporal representation that generalizes beyond observed trajectories at constant memory cost. From visual input, Node-RF learns an implicit scene state that evolves over time via an ODE solver, propagating feature embeddings via differential calculus. A NeRF-based renderer interprets calculated embeddings to synthesize arbitrary views for long-range extrapolation. Training on multiple motion sequences with shared dynamics allows for generalization to unseen conditions. Our experiments demonstrate that Node-RF can characterize abstract system behavior without explicit model to identify critical points for future predictions. Our code will be made publicly available.
Recent segmentation models have demonstrated promising efficiency by aggressively reducing parameter counts and computational complexity. However, these models often struggle to accurately delineate fine lesion boundaries and texture patterns essential for early skin cancer diagnosis and treatment planning. In this paper, we propose MambaLiteUNet, a compact yet robust segmentation framework that integrates Mamba state space modeling into a U-Net architecture, along with three key modules: Adaptive Multi-Branch Mamba Feature Fusion (AMF), Local Global Feature Mixing (LGFM), and Cross-Gated Attention (CGA). These modules are designed to enhance local-global feature interaction, preserve spatial details, and improve the quality of skip connections. MambaLiteUNet achieves an average IoU of 87.12% and average Dice score of 93.09% across ISIC2017, ISIC2018, HAM10000, and PH2 benchmarks, outperforming state-of-the-art models. Compared to U-Net, our model improves average IoU and Dice by 7.72 and 4.61 points, respectively, while reducing parameters by 93.6% and GFLOPs by 97.6%. Additionally, in domain generalization with six unseen lesion categories, MambaLiteUNet achieves 77.61% IoU and 87.23% Dice, performing best among all evaluated models. Our extensive experiments demonstrate that MambaLiteUNet achieves a strong balance between accuracy and efficiency, making it a competitive and practical solution for dermatological image segmentation. Our code is publicly available at: https://github.com/maklachur/MambaLiteUNet.
We propose MagicQuill V2, a novel framework that introduces a layered composition paradigm to generative image editing, bridging the gap between the semantic power of modern diffusion models and the granular control of traditional graphics software. While state-of-the-art diffusion transformers excel at holistic generation, their use of singular, monolithic prompts fails to disentangle distinct user intentions for content, position, and style. To overcome this limitation, our method deconstructs creative intent into a stack of independently controllable visual cues: a content layer for what to create, a spatial layer for where to place it, a structural layer for how it is shaped, and a color layer for its palette. Our technical contributions include a specialized data generation pipeline for context-aware content integration, a unified control module to process all visual cues, and a fine-tuned spatial branch for precise local editing, including object removal. Extensive experiments validate that this layered approach effectively resolves the user intention gap, granting creators direct, intuitive, and powerful control over the generative process.
Despite great progress, existing multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are still inferior in visual-spatial reasoning, which greatly impedes their trustworthy applications in scenarios such as Embodied AI. To facilitate the research, we propose a new MLLM task in this paper, called Grounded Chain-of-Thought (GCoT). Different from recent visual CoT studies, which focus more on visual knowledge reasoning, GCoT aims to improve the visual-spatial reasoning capabilities of MLLMs via recognizing and grounding the relevant visual cues step by step, which are also supported by step-vise grounding coordinates as the intuitive basis. To facilitate this task, we also carefully design and construct a benchmark called multimodal grounded chain-of-thought (MM-GCoT). Besides, a comprehensive consistency evaluation system is also introduced, including the metrics of answer accuracy, grounding accuracy and answer-grounding consistency. We further design and conduct a bunch of experiments on 12 advanced MLLMs, and reveal some notable findings: i. most MLLMs performs poorly on the consistency evaluation, indicating obvious visual hallucination; ii. visual hallucination is not directly related to the parameter size and general multimodal performance; iii. a larger and stronger MLLM is not less affected by this issue.
Recent advancements in 3D object generation using diffusion models have achieved remarkable success, but generating realistic 3D urban scenes remains challenging. Existing methods relying solely on 3D diffusion models tend to suffer a degradation in appearance details, while those utilizing only 2D diffusion models typically compromise camera controllability. To overcome this limitation, we propose ScenDi, a method for urban scene generation that integrates both 3D and 2D diffusion models. We first train a 3D latent diffusion model to generate 3D Gaussians, enabling the rendering of images at a relatively low resolution. To enable controllable synthesis, this 3DGS generation process can be optionally conditioned by specifying inputs such as 3d bounding boxes, road maps, or text prompts. Then, we train a 2D video diffusion model to enhance appearance details conditioned on rendered images from the 3D Gaussians. By leveraging the coarse 3D scene as guidance for 2D video diffusion, ScenDi generates desired scenes based on input conditions and successfully adheres to accurate camera trajectories. Experiments on two challenging real-world datasets, Waymo and KITTI-360, demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
The integration of visual understanding and generation into unified multimodal models represents a significant stride toward general-purpose AI. However, a fundamental question remains unanswered by existing benchmarks: does this architectural unification actually enable synergetic interaction between the constituent capabilities? Existing evaluation paradigms, which primarily assess understanding and generation in isolation, are insufficient for determining whether a unified model can leverage its understanding to enhance its generation, or use generative simulation to facilitate deeper comprehension. To address this critical gap, we introduce RealUnify, a benchmark specifically designed to evaluate bidirectional capability synergy. RealUnify comprises 1,000 meticulously human-annotated instances spanning 10 categories and 32 subtasks. It is structured around two core axes: 1) Understanding Enhances Generation, which requires reasoning (e.g., commonsense, logic) to guide image generation, and 2) Generation Enhances Understanding, which necessitates mental simulation or reconstruction (e.g., of transformed or disordered visual inputs) to solve reasoning tasks. A key contribution is our dual-evaluation protocol, which combines direct end-to-end assessment with a diagnostic stepwise evaluation that decomposes tasks into distinct understanding and generation phases. This protocol allows us to precisely discern whether performance bottlenecks stem from deficiencies in core abilities or from a failure to integrate them. Through large-scale evaluations of 12 leading unified models and 6 specialized baselines, we find that current unified models still struggle to achieve effective synergy, indicating that architectural unification alone is insufficient. These results highlight the need for new training strategies and inductive biases to fully unlock the potential of unified modeling.
Federated Learning (FL) enables decentralized model training across multiple clients without exposing private data, making it ideal for privacy-sensitive applications. However, in real-world FL scenarios, clients often hold data from distinct domains, leading to severe domain shift and degraded global model performance. To address this, prototype learning has been emerged as a promising solution, which leverages class-wise feature representations. Yet, existing methods face two key limitations: (1) Existing prototype-based FL methods typically construct a single global prototype per class by aggregating local prototypes from all clients without preserving domain information. (2) Current feature-prototype alignment is domain-agnostic, forcing clients to align with global prototypes regardless of domain origin. To address these challenges, we propose Federated Domain-Aware Prototypes (FedDAP) to construct domain-specific global prototypes by aggregating local client prototypes within the same domain using a similarity-weighted fusion mechanism. These global domain-specific prototypes are then used to guide local training by aligning local features with prototypes from the same domain, while encouraging separation from prototypes of different domains. This dual alignment enhances domain-specific learning at the local level and enables the global model to generalize across diverse domains. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments on three different datasets: DomainNet, Office-10, and PACS to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed framework to address the domain shift challenges.
SmokeSVD: Smoke Reconstruction from A Single View via Progressive Novel View Synthesis and Refinement with Diffusion Models
PDF ↗Reconstructing dynamic fluids from sparse views is a long-standing and challenging problem, due to the severe lack of 3D information from insufficient view coverage. While several pioneering approaches have attempted to address this issue using differentiable rendering or novel view synthesis, they are often limited by time-consuming optimization under ill-posed conditions. We propose SmokeSVD, an efficient and effective framework to progressively reconstruct dynamic smoke from a single video by integrating the generative capabilities of diffusion models with physically guided consistency optimization. Specifically, we first propose a physically guided side-view synthesizer based on diffusion models, which explicitly incorporates velocity field constraints to generate spatio-temporally consistent side-view images frame by frame, significantly alleviating the ill-posedness of single-view reconstruction. Subsequently, we iteratively refine novel-view images and reconstruct 3D density fields through a progressive multi-stage process that renders and enhances images from increasing viewing angles, generating high-quality multi-view sequences. Finally, we estimate fine-grained density and velocity fields via differentiable advection by leveraging the Navier-Stokes equations. Our approach supports re-simulation and downstream applications while achieving superior reconstruction quality and computational efficiency compared to state-of-the-art methods.
Personalized image generation based on user behavior reflects individual preferences with minimal user intervention. However, existing studies often rely on inaccurate profiling, high resource costs, and model-specific designs, which jointly restrict creativity, diversity, and generality. To address these limitations, we propose FAN, a novel approach that enables preference-aware personalization using only foundation encoders, without additional structures. FAN performs tailored profiling to capture user preferences and reconstructs transformer-based encoders to integrate them while preserving target fidelity. Experiments show that FAN achieves robust personalization across various foundation text-to-image models. It also extends to applications such as CLIP retrieval, unCLIP, and vision-language models, seamlessly integrating into diverse encoders without fine-tuning.