Unaligned RGBT tracking aims to achieve robust target localization across spatially misaligned RGB and thermal infrared (TIR) videos, a crucial challenge for deploying RGBT tracking in real-world scenarios. Existing methods often calculate all cross-modal alignment parameters (i.e., spatial shift and scale change) simultaneously, but suffer from two major limitations. 1) They are difficult to adapt to different degrees of unaligned difficulty during tracking. 2) They usually require complex models to handle challenging scenarios, resulting in a large computational burden. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel Progressive Multi-cue Alignment framework called PMATrack, which disentangles the calculation of cross-modal alignment parameters in a progressive manner and dynamically selects appropriate cues to handle different challenges, thereby enabling robust and efficient unaligned RGBT tracking. In particular, PMATrack divides the cross-modal alignment parameter estimation into three stages to progressively perform center offset computation, scale transformation estimation, and global refinement. At each stage, we design a difficulty-aware router to adaptively select the appropriate alignment expert based on the cross-modal alignment complexity, thereby reducing computational redundancy. In addition, we build a high-quality video benchmark called MUART244 to facilitate the comprehensive evaluation of different unaligned RGBT tracking algorithms. Extensive experiments demonstrate the outstanding performance of PMATrack against existing state-of-the-art methods. The code and dataset will be available at https://github.com/NOP1224/Unaligned_RGBT_Tracking.
论文检索
输入标题、作者或关键词，从 12,319 篇学术成果中精准定位
E-commerce product poster generation aims to automatically synthesize a single image that effectively conveys product information by presenting a subject, text, and a designed style. Recent diffusion models with fine-grained and efficient controllability have advanced product poster synthesis, yet they typically rely on multi-stage pipelines, and simultaneous control over subject, text, and style remains underexplored. Such naive multi-stage pipelines also show three issues: poor subject fidelity, inaccurate text, and inconsistent style. To address these issues, we propose InnoAds-Composer, a single-stage framework that enables efficient tri-conditional control tokens over subject, glyph, and style. To alleviate the quadratic overhead introduced by naive tri-conditional token concatenation, we perform importance analysis over layers and timesteps and route each condition only to the most responsive positions, thereby shortening the active token sequence. Besides, to improve the accuracy of Chinese text rendering, we design a Text Feature Enhancement Module (TFEM) that integrates features from both glyph images and glyph crops. To support training and evaluation, we also construct a high-quality e-commerce product poster dataset and benchmark, which is the first dataset that jointly contains subject, text, and style conditions. Extensive experiments demonstrate that InnoAds-Composer significantly outperforms existing product poster methods without obviously increasing inference latency.
Understanding animal behavior requires modeling how bodies, objects, and other agents interact over time, not simply detecting isolated actions or estimating pose frame by frame. Existing animal video datasets target pose estimation or coarse, passively observed actions, and rarely provide the structured, multi-entity interaction annotations needed to study behavioral dynamics. We introduce MooCap, a multi-view video benchmark for animal-object-human interaction understanding under controlled experimental protocols. MooCap contains 42 hours of synchronized multi-camera video from 43 individually tested cows across seven standardized interaction scenarios, including novel environment, novel object, novel human, human approach, unfamiliar conspecifics (restricted and unrestricted) and Dam reunion (restricted and unrestricted). Recordings are densely annotated with 23 fine-grained behaviors, 39 body keypoints across 157 test sessions, 4 spatial zones, and 43 subjects, describing interactions among subjects, objects, humans, and other cattle. We establish three benchmarks on MooCap: (1) dense temporal action segmentation over 1200-1500-second sequences; (2) pose-based behavior and interaction recognition from keypoint trajectories; and (3) longitudinal behavioral classification linking adult behaviors with rearing conditions. Benchmarking results reveal that state-of-the-art temporal segmentation models achieve only 66.4% frame accuracy and 30.6% F1@0.5, with performance degrading further during interaction-heavy segments. Overall, MooCap bridges multi-view pose estimation, multi-entity tracking, and structured behavioral protocols to enable interaction-aware models for animal behavior analysis.
We introduce **MotionEdit**, a novel dataset for motion-centric image editing--the task of modifying subject actions and interactions while preserving identity, structure, and physical plausibility.Unlike existing image editing datasets that focus on static appearance changes or contain only sparse, low-quality motion edits, MotionEdit provides high-fidelity image pairs depicting realistic motion transformations extracted and verified from continuous videos. This new task is not only scientifically challenging but also practically significant, powering downstream applications such as frame-controlled video synthesis and animation.To evaluate model performance on the novel task, we introduce **MotionEdit-Bench**, a benchmark that challenges models on motion-centric edits and measures model performance with generative, discriminative, and preference-based metrics.Benchmark results reveal that motion editing remains highly challenging for existing state-of-the-art diffusion-based editing models.To address this gap, we propose **MotionNFT** (Motion-guided Negative-aware FineTuning), a post-training framework that computes motion alignment rewards based on how well the motion flow between input and model-edited images matches the ground-truth motion, guiding models toward accurate motion transformations.Extensive experiments on FLUX.1 Kontext and Qwen-Image-Edit show that MotionNFT consistently improves editing quality and motion fidelity of both base models on the motion editing task without sacrificing general editing ability, demonstrating its effectiveness.
Internet photo collections exhibit an extremely long-tailed distribution: a few famous landmarks are densely photographed and easily reconstructed in 3D, while most real-world sites are represented with sparse, noisy, uneven imagery beyond the capabilities of both classical and learned 3D methods. We believe that tackling this long-tail regime represents one of the next frontiers for 3D foundation models. Although reliable ground-truth 3D supervision from sparse scenes is challenging to acquire, we observe that it can be effectively simulated by sampling sparse subsets from well-reconstructed Internet landmarks. To this end, we introduce MegaDepth-X, a large dataset of 3D reconstructions with clean, dense depth, together with a strategy for sampling sets of training images that mimic camera distributions in long-tail scenes. Finetuning 3D foundation models with these components yields robust reconstructions under extreme sparsity, and also enables more reliable reconstruction in symmetric and repetitive scenes, while preserving generalization to standard, dense 3D benchmark datasets.
Multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) have rapidly advanced in visual tasks, yet their spatial understanding remains limited to single images, leaving them ill-suited for physical-world applications that require multi-frame reasoning. In this paper, we propose a framework to equip MLLMs with multi-frame spatial understanding by integrating fundamental spatial skills, including depth perception, visual correspondence, and dynamic perception. We design a novel data pipeline and collect the MultiSPA dataset of more than 27 million samples spanning diverse 3D and 4D scenes to enable training. Alongside MultiSPA, we introduce a comprehensive benchmark that tests a wide spectrum of spatial tasks under uniform metrics. Our resulting model, Multi-SpatialMLLM, achieves significant gains over baselines and proprietary systems, demonstrating scalable and generalizable multi-frame perception. We further observe multi-task benefits and emergent spatial capabilities in challenging scenarios, and showcase how our model can serve as a multi-frame reward annotator for robotics.
Recent progress in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) demonstrates that Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning enables systematic solutions to complex understanding tasks. However, its extension to generation tasks remains nascent and limited by scenario-specific mechanisms that hinder generalization and adaptation. In this work, we present ThinkGen, the first think-driven visual generation framework that explicitly leverages MLLM's CoT reasoning in various generation scenarios. ThinkGen employs a decoupled architecture comprising a pretrained MLLM and a Diffusion Transformer (DiT), wherein the MLLM generates tailored instructions based on user intent, and DiT produces high-quality images guided by these instructions. We further propose a separable GRPO-based training paradigm (SepGRPO), alternating reinforcement learning between the MLLM and DiT modules. This flexible design enables joint training across diverse datasets, facilitating effective CoT reasoning for a wide range of generative scenarios. Extensive experiments demonstrate that ThinkGen achieves robust, state-of-the-art performance across multiple generation benchmarks.
Temporal forgery localization aims to temporally identify manipulated segments in videos. Most existing benchmarks focus on appearance-level forgeries, such as face swapping and object removal. However, recent advances in video generation have driven the emergence of activity-level forgeries that modify human actions to distort event semantics, resulting in highly deceptive forgeries that critically undermine media authenticity and public trust. To overcome this issue, we introduce ActivityForensics, the first large-scale benchmark for localizing manipulated activity in videos. It contains over 6K forged video segments that are seamlessly blended into the video context, rendering high visual consistency that makes them almost indistinguishable from authentic content to the human eye. We further propose Temporal Artifact Diffuser (TADiff), a simple yet effective baseline that exposes artifact cues through a diffusion-based feature regularizer. Based on ActivityForensics, we introduce comprehensive evaluation protocols covering intra-domain, cross-domain, and open-world settings, and benchmark a wide range of state-of-the-art forgery localizers to facilitate future research. The dataset and code are available at https://activityforensics.github.io.
Recent advances in vision-language foundation models have enabled text-driven evaluation of image aesthetics and visual quality. However, existing models are typically optimized for fixed prompts or specific datasets, limiting their adaptability to diverse evaluation criteria. This paper presents Probabilistic Prompt Adaptation (PPA), a unified probabilistic framework that flexibly predicts aesthetic and quality scores conditioned on arbitrary text prompts. PPA formulates score prediction as a mixture over prompts, dynamically estimating prompt suitability based on both image content and task context. By marginalizing over prompts pre-sampled from a large language model (LLM), it enables annotation-free training using only triplets of task, image, and score. Experiments across multiple IAA and IQA benchmarks demonstrate that PPA achieves consistent and perceptually aligned prompt-based scoring, allowing fine-grained control over evaluation semantics.
Textual adapter-based tuning methods have shown significant potential in transferring knowledge from pre-trained Vision-Language Models (VLMs) to downstream tasks. Existing works generally employ the deterministic textual feature adapter to refine each category textual representation. However, due to inherent factors such as different attributes and contexts, there exists significant diversity in textual descriptions for each category. Such description diversity offers rich discriminative semantic knowledge that can benefit downstream visual learning tasks. Obviously, the traditional deterministic adapter model cannot adequately capture this varied semantic information. Also, it is desirable to exploit the inter-class relationships in VLM adapter. To address these issues, we propose to exploit random graph model into VLM adapter and develop a novel Vertex Random Graph Adapter (VRGAdapter). VRGAdapter first models the inherent diverse descriptions of each category and inter-class relationships of different categories simultaneously by leveraging a Vertex Random Knowledge Graph (VRKG) model. Then, it employs probabilistic message propagation on VRKG to learn context-aware distribution representation for each class node. Finally, it adopts a reparameterized sampling function to achieve textual adapter learning. Note that, VRGAdapter provides a more general adapter solution that encompasses traditional graph-based adapter as a special case. In addition, to enable more robust performance for downstream tasks, we also introduce a new Uncertainty-guided Multi-branch Fusion (UMF) scheme that dynamically integrates multiple pre-trained models for ensemble prediction. Extensive experiments on multiple benchmark datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Knowledge-based Visual Question Answering (KVQA) requires models to ground entities in images and reason over factual knowledge. Recent work has introduced its implicit-knowledge variant, IK-KVQA, where a multimodal large language model (MLLM) is the sole knowledge source and answers are produced without external retrieval. Existing IK-KVQA approaches, however, are typically trained with answer-only supervision: reasoning remains implicit, justifications are often weak or inconsistent, and generalization after standard supervised fine-tuning (SFT) can be brittle. We propose StaR-KVQA, a framework that equips IK-KVQA with dual-path structured reasoning traces--symbolic relation paths over text and vision together with path-grounded natural-language explanations--to provide a stronger inductive bias than generic answer-only supervision. These traces act as modality-aware scaffolds that guide the model toward relevant entities and attributes, offering more structure than generic chain-of-thought supervision while not constraining reasoning to any single fixed path. With a single open-source MLLM, StaR-KVQA constructs and selects traces to build an offline trace-enriched dataset and then performs structure-aware self-distillation; no external retrievers, verifiers, or curated knowledge bases are used, and inference is a single autoregressive pass. Across benchmarks, StaR-KVQA consistently improves both answer accuracy and the transparency of intermediate reasoning, achieving up to +11.3% higher answer accuracy on OK-VQA over the strongest baseline.
Pansharpening aims to generate high-resolution multi-spectral images by fusing the spatial detail of panchromatic images with the spectral richness of low-resolution MS data. However, most existing methods are evaluated under limited, low-resolution settings, limiting their generalization to real-world, high-resolution scenarios. To bridge this gap, we systematically investigate the data, algorithmic, and computational challenges of cross-scale pansharpening. We first introduce PanScale, the first large-scale, cross-scale pansharpening dataset, accompanied by PanScale-Bench, a comprehensive benchmark for evaluating generalization across varying resolutions and scales. To realize scale generalization, we propose ScaleFormer, a novel architecture designed for multi-scale pansharpening. ScaleFormer reframes generalization across image resolutions as generalization across sequence lengths: it tokenizes images into patch sequences of the same resolution but variable length proportional to image scale. A Scale-Aware Patchify module enables training for such variations from fixed-size crops. ScaleFormer then decouples intra-patch spatial feature learning from inter-patch sequential dependency modeling, incorporating Rotary Positional Encoding to enhance extrapolation to unseen scales. Extensive experiments show that our approach outperforms SOTA methods in fusion quality and cross-scale generalization. The datasets and source code are available at https://github.com/caoke-963/ScaleFormer.
Common image editing tasks typically adopt powerful generative diffusion models as the leading paradigm for real-world content editing. Meanwhile, although reinforcement learning (RL) methods such as Diffusion-DPO and Flow-GRPO have further improved generation quality, efficiently applying Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) to diffusion-based editing remains largely unexplored, due to a lack of scalable human-preference datasets and frameworks tailored to diverse editing needs. To fill this gap, we propose HP-Edit, a post-training framework for Human Preference-aligned Editing, and introduce RealPref-50K, a real-world dataset across eight common tasks and balancing common object editing. Specifically, HP-Edit leverages a small amount of human-preference scoring data and a pretrained visual large language model (VLM) to develop HP-Scorer--an automatic, human preference-aligned evaluator. We then use HP-Scorer both to efficiently build a scalable preference dataset and to serve as the reward function for post-training the editing model. We also introduce RealPref-Bench, a benchmark for evaluating real-world editing performance. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our approach significantly enhances models such as Qwen-Image-Edit-2509, aligning their outputs more closely with human preference.
Camouflaged scene understanding (CSU) has attracted significant attention due to its broad practical implications. However, in this field, robust image-text cross-modal alignment remains under-explored, hindering deeper understanding of camouflaged scenarios and their related applications. To this end, we focus on the typical image-text retrieval task, and formulate a new task dubbed "camouflage-aware image-text retrieval" (CA-ITR). We first construct a dedicated camouflage image-text retrieval dataset (CamoIT), comprising ~10.5K samples with multi-granularity textual annotations. Benchmark results conducted on CamoIT reveal the underlying challenges of CA-ITR for existing cutting-edge retrieval techniques, which are mainly caused by objects' camouflage properties as well as those complex image contents. As a solution, we propose a camouflage-expert collaborative network (CECNet), which features a dual-branch visual encoder: one branch captures holistic image representations, while the other incorporates a dedicated model to inject representations of camouflaged objects. A novel confidence-conditioned graph attention (C\textsuperscript 2 GA) mechanism is incorporated to exploit the complementarity across branches. Comparative experiments show that CECNet achieves ~29% overall CA-ITR accuracy boost, surpassing seven representative retrieval models. The dataset and code will be available at https://github.com/jiangyao-scu/CA-ITR.
Ultrasound-CLIP: Semantic-Aware Contrastive Pre-training for Ultrasound Image-Text Understanding
PDF ↗Ultrasound imaging is widely used in clinical diagnostics due to its real-time capability and radiation-free nature. However, existing vision-language pre-training models, such as CLIP, are primarily designed for other modalities, and are difficult to directly apply to ultrasound data, which exhibit heterogeneous anatomical structures and diverse diagnostic attributes. To bridge this gap, we construct US-365K, a large-scale ultrasound image-text dataset containing 365k paired samples across 52 anatomical categories. We establish Ultrasonographic Diagnostic Taxonomy (UDT) containing two hierarchical knowledge frameworks. Ultrasonographic Hierarchical Anatomical Taxonomy standardizes anatomical organization, and Ultrasonographic Diagnostic Attribute Framework formalizes nine diagnostic dimensions, including body system, organ, diagnosis, shape, margins, echogenicity, internal characteristics, posterior acoustic phenomena, and vascularity. Building upon these foundations, we propose Ultrasound-CLIP, a semantic-aware contrastive learning framework that introduces semantic soft labels and semantic loss to refine sample discrimination. Moreover, we construct a heterogeneous graph modality derived from UDAF's textual representations, enabling structured reasoning over lesion-attribute relations. Extensive experiments with patient-level data splitting demonstrate that our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on classification and retrieval benchmarks, while also delivering strong generalization to zero-shot, linear probing, and fine-tuning tasks.
GeoFree-CoSeg: Unsupervised Point Cloud-Image Cross-Modal Co-Segmentation Without Geometric Alignment
PDF ↗Co-segmentation aims to identify and segment common objects across a set of point clouds or images. Existing methods focus on single-modal co-segmentation. However, the limited semantics of a single modality restrict the discovery of common objects, leading to costly and labor-intensive segmentation masks. In contrast, cross-modal co-segmentation leverages both modalities, offering two key advantages: (i) additional semantic cues compensate for the absence of segmentation masks; and (ii) complementary modalities provide richer common semantics beyond the limitations of single-modality approaches. Motivated by these challenges, we introduce a novel task: unsupervised point cloud-image cross-modal co-segmentation. We tackle this problem using a coarse-to-fine approach. First, the 3D and 2D branches extract coarse common semantics from each modality, respectively. Then, a cross-modal common semantic graph purifies these features into fine-grained common semantics. Finally, 3D and 2D common semantic features are mutually enhanced, without requiring geometric alignment. Experiments on two standard point cloud benchmarks and two corresponding image co-segmentation datasets demonstrate our superior performance compared to existing unsupervised state-of-the-art methods.
What data should a vision-language model be trained on? To answer this question, many data curation efforts center on the quality of a dataset. However, most of these existing methods are (i) offline, i.e. they produce a static dataset from a set of predetermined filtering criteria, and (ii) concept-agnostic, i.e. they use model-based filters which induce additional dataset bias. In this work, we go beyond such offline, concept-agnostic methods and advocate for more flexible, task-adaptive online concept-based curation. Our first contribution is DataConcept, a collection of 128M web-crawled image-text pairs annotated with fine-grained details about their concept composition. Building on DataConcept, we introduce CABS (Concept-Aware Batch Sampling), a simple yet effective batch-sampling framework that flexibly constructs batches on-the-fly based on specific target distributions. We propose two variants: (i) Diversity Maximization, to curate batches with the broadest coverage of available concepts, and (ii) CABS-FM (Frequency Maximization), to curate batches with maximal object multiplicity. Through extensive evaluations with four visual backbones and a suite of 28 benchmarks, we demonstrate that CABS significantly benefits Language-Image Pretraining (LIP) and yields highly performant models on long-tailed evaluations. Overall, CABS represents a strong open-source alternative to proprietary online curation algorithms, enabling practitioners to define custom concept distributions that optimize for specific downstream tasks. Both DataConcept and the source code for CABS will be made public.
3D Referring Expression segmentation (3D-RES) is an emerging field that segments 3D objects in point cloud scenes based on given referring expressions. Although existing methods have achieved substantial progress, they primarily focus on semantic cues and often overlook spatial relations, which are essential for segmenting the referred objects in complex 3D scenes, especially those containing multiple visually similar instances. In this paper, we propose Position3D, a novel approach that explicitly incorporates spatial relation modeling into 3D-RES. Specifically, we introduce a spatial-aware query generation module that constructs point proxies by aggregating local context and incorporating spatial relations, from which the most text-relevant are selected as queries. Furthermore, we design a position-guided deformable attention in the decoder, which progressively refines attention to concentrate on the target object under positional relationship guidance. Extensive experiments on two benchmark datasets, i.e., ScanRefer, and Multi3DRefer, validate the effectiveness of the proposed method Position3D.
Small object detection (SOD) plays a vital role in applications such as anti-UAV tasks, yet conventional image-based methods struggle in high-speed scenarios due to the limited frame rate. Event cameras offer a promising alternative by capturing spatiotemporal event streams with microsecond-level temporal resolution. To address the inherent sparsity of small objects in event data, existing methods typically formulate the detection task as semantic segmentation on spatiotemporal point clouds to leverage long-term contextual information. However, these methods often fail to enforce effective spatiotemporal consistency constraints, resulting in fragmented object trajectories. To mitigate these problems, we propose a topology-constrained sparse convolutional network (SpTopoNet), which models the topological structure of moving object trajectories in event point clouds. Our network comprises two key components: a Topology Learning Module (TLM) that discriminates local structures to separate genuine targets from noise, and a Spatial Consistency Module (SCM) that captures long-range spatiotemporal dependencies to enhance trajectory continuity. Additionally, we introduce an event topology-aware loss function that leverages topological correlations to guide the network to maintain structural integrity of target event patterns.Experiments on the benchmark dataset demonstrate the superiority of our method in both detection performance and trajectory completeness.
**Document QA** requires not only accurate answers but also identifying where each answer is grounded on the page. Most models treat the task as text-only generation, while existing answer grounding methods generate coarse bounding boxes that fail to capture curved text. We introduce **M3Grounder, a hybrid vision-language and segmentation architecture that formulates document grounding as pixel-level segmentation. It produces fine-grained evidence masks** refined by a bleed-suppression loss to prevent spillover. M3Grounder autoregressively generates answer text interleaved with [GROUND] tokens that link individual answer spans to their corresponding evidence regions. Also, **M3Grounder grounds evidence hierarchically across phrase, line, and block levels** using an enclosure loss that enforces spatial containment. We release **GroundingDocQA dataset (200K documents, 2M multi-span and multi-granular QA pairs with pixel-level grounding masks)**, built through a data engine that handles complex layouts, curved-text, and graphics-rich documents. We also release **GroundingDocQA-Bench, a diverse and challenging human-verified benchmark**. M3Grounder sets **a new state of the art in grounded DocVQA, advancing from coarse boxes to hierarchical, fine-grained and contextually grounded evidence.**