Bokeh rendering methods play a key role in creating the visually appealing, softly blurred backgrounds seen in professional photography. While recent learning-based approaches show promising results, generating realistic Bokeh with controllable strength remains challenging. Existing methods require additional inputs and suffer from unrealistic Bokeh reproduction due to reliance on synthetic data. In this work, we propose Bokehlicious, a highly efficient network that provides intuitive control over Bokeh strength through an Aperture-Aware Attention mechanism, mimicking the physical lens aperture. To further address the lack of high-quality real-world data, we present RealBokeh, a novel dataset featuring 23,000 high-resolution (24-MP) images captured by professional photographers, covering diverse scenes with varied aperture and focal length settings. Evaluations on both our new RealBokeh and established Bokeh rendering benchmarks show that Bokehlicious consistently outperforms SOTA methods while significantly reducing computational cost and exhibiting strong zero-shot generalization. Our method and dataset further extend to defocus deblurring, achieving competitive results on the RealDOF benchmark. Our code and data will be public.
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Plug-and-play methods for solving inverse problems have continuously improved over the years by incorporating more advanced image priors.Latent diffusion models are among the most powerful priors, making them a natural choice for solving inverse problems. However, existing approaches require multiple applications of an Autoencoder to transition between pixel and latent spaces during restoration, leading to high computational costs and degraded restoration quality. In this work, we introduce a new plug-and-play paradigm that operates entirely in the latent space of diffusion models. By emulating pixel-space degradations directly in the latent space through a short learning phase, we eliminate the need for the Autoencoder during restoration, enabling faster inference and improved restoration fidelity. We validate our method across various image restoration tasks and datasets, achieving significantly higher perceptual quality than previous methods while being 2.6-10x faster in inference and 1.7-7x faster when accounting for the learning phase of the latent operator.
We propose a novel zero-shot approach for keypoint detection on 3D shapes. Point-level reasoning on visual data is challenging as it requires precise localization capability, posing problems even for powerful models like DINO or CLIP. Traditional methods for 3D keypoint detection rely heavily on annotated 3D datasets and extensive supervised training, limiting their scalability and applicability to new categories or domains. In contrast, our method utilizes the rich knowledge embedded within Multi-Modal Large Language Models (MLLMs). Specifically, we demonstrate, for the first time, that pixel-level annotations used to train recent MLLMs can be exploited for both extracting and naming salient keypoints on 3D models without any ground truth labels or supervision. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that our approach achieves competitive performance on standard benchmarks compared to supervised methods, despite not requiring any 3D keypoint annotations during training. Our results highlight the potential of integrating language models for localized 3D shape understanding. This work opens new avenues for cross-modal learning and underscores the effectiveness of MLLMs in contributing to 3D computer vision challenges.
Accurate, reliable solar flare prediction is crucial for mitigating potential disruptions to critical infrastructure, while predicting solar flares remains a significant challenge. Existing methods based on heuristic physical features often lack representation learning from solar images. On the other hand, end-to-end learning approaches struggle to model long-range temporal dependencies in solar images.In this study, we propose Deep Space Weather Model (Deep SWM), which is based on multiple deep state space models for handling both ten-channel solar images and long-range spatio-temporal dependencies. Deep SWM also features a sparse masked autoencoder, a novel pretraining strategy that employs a two-phase masking approach to preserve crucial regions such as sunspots while compressing spatial information.Furthermore, we built FlareBench, a new public benchmark for solar flare prediction covering a full 11-year solar activity cycle, to validate our method.Our method outperformed baseline methods and even human expert performance on standard metrics in terms of performance and reliability. The project page can be found at https://keio-smilab25.github.io/DeepSWM.
We introduce RegionFocus, a visual test-time scaling approach for Vision Language Model Agents. Understanding webpages is challenging due to the visual complexity of GUI images and the large number of interface elements, making accurate action selection difficult. Our approach dynamically zooms in on relevant regions, reducing background clutter and improving grounding accuracy. To support this process, we propose an image-as-map mechanism that visualizes key landmarks at each step, providing a transparent action record and enables the agent to effectively choose among action candidates. Even with a simple region selection strategy, we observe significant performance gains of 28+% on Screenspot-pro and 24+% on WebVoyager benchmarks on top of two state-of-the-art open vision language model agents, UI-TARS-72B and Qwen2.5-VL-72B, highlighting the effectiveness of visual test-time scaling in interactive settings. We achieve a new state-of-the-art grounding performance of 61.6% on the ScreenSpot-Pro benchmark by applying RegionFocus to a Qwen2.5-VL-72B model. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/tiangeluo/RegionFocus.
In this paper, we study domain generalization, where the goal is to develop models that can effectively generalize from multiple source domains to unseen target domains. Different from traditional approaches that aim to create a single, style-invariant model, we propose a new "Customized Domain Adapters" method, named CDA. This method leverages parameter-efficient adapters to construct a model with domain-specific components, each component focusing on learning from its respective domain. We focus on integrating the unique strengths of different adapter architectures, such as ViT and CNN, to create a model adept at handling the distinct statistical properties of each domain. Our experimental results on standard domain generalization datasets demonstrate the superiority of our method over traditional approaches, showcasing its enhanced adaptability and robustness in domain generalization tasks.
In this paper, we explore the potential of visual in-context learning to enable a single model to handle multiple tasks and adapt to new tasks during test time without re-training. Unlike previous approaches, our focus is on training in-context learners to adapt to sequences of tasks, rather than individual tasks. Our goal is to solve complex tasks that involve multiple intermediate steps using a single model, allowing users to define entire vision pipelines flexibly at test time. To achieve this, we first examine the properties and limitations of visual in-context learning architectures, with a particular focus on the role of codebooks. We then introduce a novel method for training in-context learners using a synthetic compositional task generation engine. This engine bootstraps task sequences from arbitrary segmentation datasets, enabling the training of visual in-context learners for compositional tasks. Additionally, we investigate different masking-based training objectives to gather insights into how to train models better for solving complex, compositional tasks. Our exploration not only provides important insights especially for multi-modal medical task sequences but also highlights challenges that need to be addressed.
Centerline graphs, crucial for path planning in autonomous driving, are traditionally learned using deterministic methods. However, these methods often lack spatial reasoning and struggle with occluded or invisible centerlines. Generative approaches, despite their potential, remain underexplored in this domain. We introduce LaneDiffusion, a novel generative paradigm for centerline graph learning. LaneDiffusion innovatively employs diffusion models to generate lane centerline priors at the Bird's Eye View (BEV) feature level, instead of directly predicting vectorized centerlines. Our method integrates a Lane Prior Injection Module (LPIM) and a Lane Prior Diffusion Module (LPDM) to effectively construct diffusion targets and manage the diffusion process. Furthermore, vectorized centerlines and topologies are then decoded from these prior-injected BEV features. Extensive evaluations on the nuScenes and Argoverse2 datasets demonstrate that LaneDiffusion significantly outperforms existing methods, achieving improvements of 4.2%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 6.4% and 1.8% on fine-grained point-level metrics (GEO F1, TOPO F1, JTOPO F1, APLS and SDA) and 2.3%, 6.4%, 6.8% and 2.1% on segment-level metrics (IoU, mAP_ cf , DET_ l and TOP_ ll ). These results establish state-of-the-art performance in centerline graph learning, offering new insights into generative models for this task.
Long-term temporal information is crucial for event-based perception tasks, as raw events only encode pixel brightness changes. Recent works show that when trained from scratch, recurrent models achieve better results than feedforward models in these tasks. However, when leveraging self-supervised pre-trained weights, feedforward models can outperform their recurrent counterparts. Current self-supervised learning (SSL) methods for event-based pre-training largely mimic RGB image-based approaches. They pre-train feedforward models on raw events within a short time interval, ignoring the temporal information of events. In this work, we introduce TESPEC, a self-supervised pre-training framework tailored for learning spatio-temporal information. TESPEC is well-suited for recurrent models, as it is the first framework to leverage long event sequences during pre-training. TESPEC employs the masked image modeling paradigm with a new reconstruction target. We design a novel method to accumulate events into pseudo grayscale videos containing high-level semantic information about the underlying scene, which is robust to sensor noise and reduces motion blur. Reconstructing this target thus requires the model to reason about long-term history of events. Extensive experiments demonstrate our state-of-the-art results in downstream tasks, including object detection, semantic segmentation, and monocular depth estimation. Project webpage: https://mhdmohammadi.github.io/TESPEC_webpage.
Text-to-image (T2I) models have become widespread, but their limited safety guardrails expose end users to harmful content and potentially allow for model misuse. Current safety measures are typically limited to text-based filtering or concept removal strategies, able to remove just a few concepts from the model's generative capabilities. In this work, we introduce AlignGuard, a method for safety alignment of T2I models. We enable the application of Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) for safety purposes in T2I models by synthetically generating a dataset of harmful and safe image-text pairs, which we call CoProV2. Using a custom DPO strategy and this dataset, we train safety experts, in the form of low-rank adaptation (LoRA) matrices, able to guide the generation process away from specific safety-related concepts. Then, we merge the experts into a single LoRA using a novel merging strategy for optimal scaling performance. This expert-based approach enables scalability, allowing us to remove 7 times more harmful concepts from T2I models compared to baselines. AlignGuard consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art on many benchmarks and establishes new practices for safety alignment in T2I networks.
We introduce HouseCrafter, a novel approach that can lift a 2D floorplan into a complete large 3D indoor scene (e.g., a house). Our key insight is to adapt a 2D diffusion model, which is trained on web-scale images, to generate consistent multi-view color (RGB) and depth (D) images across different locations of the scene. Specifically, the RGB-D images are generated autoregressively in batches along sampled locations derived from the floorplan. At each step, the diffusion model conditions on previously generated images to produce new images at nearby locations. The global floorplan and attention design in the diffusion model ensures the consistency of the generated images, from which a 3D scene can be reconstructed. Through extensive evaluation on the 3D-FRONT dataset, we demonstrate that HouseCrafter can generate high-quality house-scale 3D scenes. Ablation studies also validate the effectiveness of different design choices. We will release our code and model weights.
Medical image segmentation data inherently contain uncertainty. This can stem from both imperfect image quality and variability in labeling preferences on ambiguous pixels, which depend on annotator expertise and the clinical context of the annotations. For instance, a boundary pixel might be labeled as tumor in diagnosis to avoid under-estimation of severity, but as normal tissue in radiotherapy to prevent damage to sensitive structures. As segmentation preferences vary across downstream applications, it is often desirable for an image segmentation model to offer user-adaptable predictions rather than a fixed output. While prior uncertainty-aware and interactive methods offer adaptability, they are inefficient at test time: uncertainty-aware models require users to choose from numerous similar outputs, while interactive models demand significant user input through click or box prompts to refine segmentation. To address these challenges, we propose SPA, a new Segmentation Preference Alignment framework that efficiently adapts to diverse test-time preferences with minimal human interaction. By presenting users with a select few, distinct segmentation candidates that best capture uncertainties, it reduces the user workload to reach the preferred segmentation. To accommodate user preference, we introduce a probabilistic mechanism that leverages user feedback to adapt a model's segmentation preference. The proposed framework is evaluated on several medical image segmentation tasks: color fundus images, lung lesion and kidney CT scans, MRI scans of brain and prostate. SPA shows 1) a significant reduction in user time and effort compared to existing interactive segmentation approaches, 2) strong adaptability based on human feedback, and 3) state-of-the-art image segmentation performance across different imaging modalities and semantic labels. Our code is publicly available here: https://github.com/SuperMedIntel/SPA.
So-called unsupervised anomaly detection is better described as semi-supervised, as it assumes all training data are nominal. This assumption simplifies training but requires manual data curation, introducing bias and limiting adaptability. We propose Confident Meta-learning (CoMet), a novel training strategy that enables deep anomaly detection models to learn from uncurated datasets where nominal and anomalous samples coexist, eliminating the need for explicit filtering. Our approach integrates Soft Confident Learning, which assigns lower weights to low-confidence samples, and Meta-Learning, which stabilizes training by regularizing updates based on training-validation loss covariance. This prevents overfitting and enhances robustness to noisy data. CoMet is model-agnostic and can be applied to any anomaly detection method trainable via gradient descent. Experiments on MVTec-AD, VIADUCT, and KSDD2 with two state-of-the-art models demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, consistently improving over the baseline methods, remaining insensitive to anomalies in the training set, and setting a new state-of-the-art across all datasets.
3D data simulation aims to bridge the gap between simulated and real-captured 3D data, which is a fundamental problem for real-world 3D visual tasks. Most 3D data simulation methods inject predefined physical priors but struggle to capture the full complexity of real data. An optimal approach involves learning an implicit mapping from synthetic to realistic data in a data-driven manner, but progress in this solution has met stagnation in recent studies. This work explores a new solution path of data-driven 3D simulation, called Stable-Sim2Real, based on a novel two-stage depth diffusion model. The initial stage finetunes StableDiffusion to generate the residual between the real and synthetic paired depth, producing a stable but coarse depth, where some local regions may deviate from realistic patterns. To enhance this, both the synthetic and initial output depth are fed into a second-stage diffusion, where diffusion loss is adjusted to prioritize these distinct areas identified by a 3D discriminator. We provide a new benchmark scheme to evaluate 3D data simulation methods. Extensive experiments show that training the network with the 3D simulated data derived from our method significantly enhances performance in real-world 3D visual tasks. Moreover, the evaluation demonstrates the high similarity between our 3D simulated data and real-captured patterns.
Puzzle Similarity: A Perceptually-guided Cross-Reference Metric for Artifact Detection in 3D Scene Reconstructions
PDF ↗Modern reconstruction techniques can effectively model complex 3D scenes from sparse 2D views. However, automatically assessing the quality of novel views and identifying artifacts is challenging due to the lack of ground truth images and the limitations of no-reference image metrics in predicting reliable artifact maps. The absence of such metrics hinders assessment of the quality of novel views and limits the adoption of post-processing techniques, such as inpainting, to enhance reconstruction quality. To tackle this, recent work has established a new category of metrics (cross-reference), predicting image quality solely by leveraging context from alternate viewpoint captures. In this work, we propose a new cross-reference metric, Puzzle Similarity, which is designed to localize artifacts in novel views. Our approach utilizes image patch statistics from the training views to establish a scene-specific distribution, later used to identify poorly reconstructed regions in the novel views. Given the lack of good measures to evaluate cross-reference methods in the context of 3D reconstruction, we collected a novel human-labeled dataset of artifact and distortion maps in unseen reconstructed views. Through this dataset, we demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art localization of artifacts in novel views, correlating with human assessment, even without aligned references. We can leverage our new metric to enhance applications like automatic image restoration, guided acquisition, or 3D reconstruction from sparse inputs. Find the project page at https://nihermann.github.io/puzzlesim/.
Recent advancements in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have opened new avenues for video understanding. However, achieving high performance in zero-shot video tasks remains challenging. Traditional video processing methods rely heavily on fine-tuning to capture nuanced spatial-temporal details, which incurs significant data and computation costs. In contrast, training-free approaches, though efficient, often lack robustness in preserving context-rich features across complex video content. To this end, we propose DyTo, a novel dynamic token merging framework for zero-shot video understanding that adaptively optimizes token efficiency while preserving crucial scene details. DyTo integrates hierarchical frame selection and bipartite token merging strategy to dynamically cluster key frames and selectively compress token sequences, striking a balance between computational efficiency with semantic richness. Extensive experiments across multiple benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of DyTo. Our method not only sets a new state-of-the-art for zero-shot video understanding when applied to image-trained MLLMs, but also further boosts the performance of models already fine-tuned on video data. Code is available at https://github.com/Jam1ezhang/DYTO.
Outliers are ubiquitous in geometric vision contexts such as pose estimation and mapping, leading to inaccurate estimates. While robust loss functions can tackle outliers, it is challenging to make the estimation robust to the choice of initialization and to estimate the appropriate robust loss shape parameter that allows distinguishing inliers from outliers. Graduated non-convexity (GNC) often mitigates these issues. However, typical GNC uses a fixed annealing factor to update the shape parameter, which can lead to low-quality or inefficient estimates. This paper proposes a novel approach to adaptively anneal the shape parameter within a GNC framework. We developed a search strategy that incorporates a sampling of annealing choices and model scorings to select the most promising shape parameter at each GNC iteration. Additionally, we propose new stopping criteria and an initialization technique that improves performance for diverse data, and we show the benefits of combining discrete and continuous robust estimation strategies. We evaluate our method using synthetic and real-world data in two problems: 3D registration and pose graph optimization in SLAM sequences. Our results demonstrate greater efficiency and robustness compared to previous GNC schemes. Code and other resources are available at https://www.merl.com/research/highlights/sac-gnc.
Reasoning segmentation (RS) aims to identify and segment objects of interest based on implicit text queries. As such, RS is a catalyst for embodied AI agents, enabling them to interpret high-level commands without requiring explicit step-by-step guidance. However, current RS approaches rely heavily on the visual perception capabilities of multimodal large language models (LLMs), leading to several major limitations. First, they struggle with queries that require multiple steps of reasoning or those that involve complex spatial/temporal relationships. Second, they necessitate LLM fine-tuning, which may require frequent updates to maintain compatibility with contemporary LLMs and may increase risks of catastrophic forgetting during fine-tuning. Finally, being primarily designed for static images or offline video processing, they scale poorly to online video data. To address these limitations, we propose an agent framework that disentangles perception and reasoning for online video RS without LLM fine-tuning. Our innovation is the introduction of a just-in-time digital twin concept, where -- given an implicit query -- an LLM plans the construction of a low-level scene representation from high-level video using specialist vision models. We refer to this approach to creating a digital twin as "just-in-time" because the LLM planner will anticipate the need for specific information and only request this limited subset instead of always evaluating every specialist model. The LLM then performs reasoning on this digital twin representation to identify target objects. To evaluate our approach, we introduce a new comprehensive video reasoning segmentation benchmark comprising 200 videos with 895 implicit text queries. The benchmark spans three reasoning categories (semantic, spatial, and temporal) with three different reasoning chain complexity. Experimental results demonstrate that our method performs best across all reasoning categories, suggesting that our just-in-time digital twin can bridge the gap between high-level reasoning and low-level perception in embodied AI. Benchmark is available at https://github.com/yiqings/jitbench/.
Visual vibrometry has emerged as a powerful technique for remote acquisition of audio and the physical properties of materials. To capture high-frequency vibrations, frame-based approaches often require a high-speed video camera and bright lighting to compensate for the short exposure time. In this paper, we introduce event-based visual vibrometry, a new high-speed visual vibration sensing method using an event camera. By leveraging the high temporal resolution and low bandwidth characteristics of event cameras, event-based visual vibrometry enables high-speed vibration sensing under ambient lighting conditions with improved data efficiency. Specifically, we leverage a hybrid camera system and propose an event-based subtle motion estimation framework that integrates an optimization-based approach based on the event generation model and a motion refinement network. We demonstrate our method by capturing vibration caused by audio sources and estimating material properties for various objects.
Given a textual query along with a corresponding video, the objective of moment retrieval aims to localize the moments relevant to the query within the video. While commendable results have been demonstrated by existing transformer-based approaches, predicting the accurate temporal span of the target moment is still a major challenge. This paper reveals that a crucial reason stems from the spurious correlation between the text query and the moment context. Namely, the model makes predictions by overly associating queries with background frames rather than distinguishing target moments. To address this issue, we propose a dynamic learning approach for moment retrieval, where two strategies are designed to mitigate the spurious correlation. First, we introduce a novel video synthesis approach to construct a dynamic context for the queried moment, enabling the model to attend to the target moment of the corresponding query across dynamic backgrounds. Second, to alleviate the over-association with backgrounds, we enhance representations temporally by incorporating text-dynamics interaction, which encourages the model to align text with target moments through complementary dynamic representations. With the proposed method, our model significantly alleviates the spurious correlation issue in moment retrieval and establishes new state-of-the-art performance on two popular benchmarks, i.e., QVHighlights and Charades-STA. In addition, detailed ablation studies and evaluations across different architectures demonstrate the generalization and effectiveness of the proposed strategies. Our code is available at https://github.com/xyangzhou/TD-DETR.