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Applications · Computer Vision

Tianxiang Du, Hulingxiao He, Yuxin Peng

In everyday photography, aesthetically appealing moments are often captured with structural flaws (e.g., composition, camera viewpoint, or pose) that existing retouching and portrait enhancement methods cannot fix. We formulate Aesthetic Photo Reconstruction (APR) as improving a photo’s aesthetic quality via structural reconstruction while preserving subject identity and scene semantics. Although recent advances in image editing models make APR feasible, they often lack aesthetic understanding, yielding edits that are semantically plausible yet aesthetically weak. To address this, we propose AesFormer, a two-stage framework that decouples aesthetic planning from image editing. In Stage 1, an aesthetic action model (AesThinker) analyzes the input along seven progressive photographic dimensions and outputs executable editing actions; we further apply GRPO-A to encourage broad exploration over diverse action plans beyond SFT. In Stage 2, an action-conditioned editor (AesEditor) performs structural edits guided by these actions. To support APR, we build a video-based corpus-mining pipeline (VCMP) and construct AesRecon, a benchmark of 9,071 strictly aligned (poor, good) image pairs. Experiments show that AesFormer substantially improves APR performance and is competitive with Nano Banana Pro.

Probabilistic Methods · Bayesian Models and Methods

Katarzyna Kobalczyk, Zhiyuan Jerry Lin, Benjamin Letham, Zhuokai Zhao, Maximilian Balandat, Eytan Bakshy

Many real-world optimization problems are guided by complex, subjective preferences that are difficult to express as explicit closed-form objectives. In response, we introduce Language-in-the-Loop Optimization (LILO), a Bayesian optimization (BO) framework that employs a large language model (LLM) to translate free-form natural language feedback and prior knowledge from a decision maker into structured preference signals, going beyond the restrictive scalar or pairwise feedback formats typically assumed in preferential BO. The LLM-derived preferences are integrated by a Gaussian process proxy model, enabling principled acquisition-driven exploration with calibrated uncertainty. By placing the LLM in a supporting role rather than as the optimizer itself, LILO preserves the sample efficiency and stability of BO while providing a flexible and expressive feedback interface. Across synthetic and real-world benchmarks, LILO consistently outperforms both conventional preference-based BO methods and LLM-only optimizers, with particularly strong gains in feedback-limited regimes.

Applications · Computer Vision

Yuncheng Guo, Jiaxin Huang, Chenjue Zhang, Hengrui Kang, Haohuan Fu, Conghui He, Weijia Li

A truly universal AI-Generated Image (AIGI) detector must simultaneously generalize across diverse generative models and varied semantic content. Current state-of-the-art methods learn a single, entangled forgery representation, conflating content-dependent flaws with content-agnostic artifacts, and are further constrained by outdated benchmarks. To overcome these limitations, we propose OmniAID, a novel framework centered on a decoupled Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture. The core of our method is a hybrid expert system designed to decouple: (1) semantic flaws across distinct content domains, and (2) content-dependent flaws from content-agnostic universal artifacts. This system employs a set of Routable Specialized Semantic Experts, each for a distinct domain (e.g., human, animal), complemented by a Fixed Universal Artifact Expert. This architecture is trained using a novel two-stage strategy: we first train the experts independently with domain-specific hard-sampling to ensure specialization, and subsequently train a lightweight gating network for effective input routing. By explicitly decoupling "what is generated" (content-specific flaws) from "how it is generated" (universal artifacts), OmniAID achieves robust generalization. To address outdated benchmarks and validate real-world applicability, we introduce Mirage, a new large-scale, contemporary dataset. Extensive experiments, using both traditional benchmarks and our Mirage dataset, demonstrate our model surpasses existing monolithic detectors, establishing a new and robust standard for AIGI authentication against modern, in-the-wild threats.

Reinforcement Learning · Multi-agent

Zhibo Deng, Feng Liang, Yong Zhang, Xiaoxi Zhang, Xiping Hu

In multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), communication enables agents to mitigate partial observability and stochasticity through information sharing, but large-scale systems inherently lead to a rapidly growing number of pairwise interactions. Previous studies often struggle to simultaneously achieve scalability and task adaptivity in large-scale multi-agent communication. To address this challenge, we propose a scalable communication scheme for large-scale MARL, termed $\textit{Sparse tOpology-aware Pairwise Scoring}$ (SOPS). We argue that scalable MARL communication requires decoupling scalability from task-adaptive link allocation. To ensure scalability, we constrain communication to an exponential-graph backbone with a small diameter, which preserves rapid potential information mixing while keeping per-agent candidates logarithmic. On top of this constraint, we learn a task-conditioned probabilistic subgraph distribution via a pairwise scoring network over agent states and edge-type embeddings to allocate sparse links for maximizing return, optimized end-to-end through differentiable Gumbel-Sigmoid reparameterization. Evaluation results show that SOPS significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods across cooperative benchmarks of diverse scales and exhibits robust zero-shot transfer capabilities.

Applications · Chemistry, Physics, and Earth Sciences

Panagiotis Antoniadis, Beatrice Pavesi, Ole Winther, Simon Olsson

Molecular dynamics (MD) is a central computational tool in physics, chemistry, and biology, enabling quantitative prediction of experimental observables as expectations over high-dimensional molecular distributions such as Boltzmann distributions and transition densities. However, conventional MD is fundamentally limited by the high computational cost required to generate independent samples. Generative molecular dynamics (GenMD) has recently emerged as an alternative, learning surrogates of molecular distributions either from data or through interaction with energy models. While these methods enable efficient sampling, their transferability across molecular systems is often limited. In this work, we show that incorporating auxiliary sources of information can improve the data efficiency and generalization of transferable implicit transfer operators (TITO) for molecular dynamics. We find that coarse-grained TITO models are substantially more data-efficient than Boltzmann emulators, and that incorporating protein language model (PLM) embeddings further improves out-of-distribution generalization. Our approach, PLaTITO, achieves state-of-the-art performance on equilibrium sampling benchmarks for out-of-distribution protein systems, including fast-folding proteins. We further study the impact of additional conditioning signals---such as structural embeddings, temperature, and large-language-model-derived embeddings---on model performance.

Applications · Computer Vision

Yiming Zhang, Jiacheng Chen, Jiaqi Tan, Yongsen Mao, Wenhu Chen, Angel X Chang

Current evaluations of spatial intelligence can be systematically invalid under modern vision-language model (VLM) settings. First, many benchmarks derive question-answer (QA) pairs from point-cloud-based 3D annotations originally curated for traditional 3D perception. When such annotations are treated as ground truth for video-based evaluation, reconstruction and annotation artifacts can miss objects that are clearly visible in the video, mislabel object identities, or corrupt geometry-dependent answers (e.g., size), yielding incorrect or ambiguous QA pairs. Second, evaluations often assume full-scene access, while many VLMs operate on sparsely sampled frames (e.g., 16-64), making many questions effectively unanswerable under the actual model inputs. We improve evaluation validity by introducing ReVSI, a benchmark and protocol that ensures each QA pair is answerable and correct under the model's actual inputs. To this end, we re-annotate object labels and geometry across 413 scenes from 5 datasets to improve data quality, and regenerate all QA pairs with rigorous bias mitigation and human verification using professional 3D visualization and annotation tools. We further enhance evaluation controllability by providing variants across multiple frame budgets (16/32/64/all) and fine-grained object visibility metadata, enabling controlled diagnostic analyses. Evaluations of general and domain-specific VLMs on ReVSI reveal systematic failure modes that are obscured by prior benchmarks, yielding a more reliable and diagnostic assessment of spatial intelligence.

Deep Learning · Generative Models and Autoencoders

Jiahui Wu, Zelong Sun, Yanbiao Ma, Zhiwu Lu

Portrait pose transfer (PPT) requires generative models to preserve fine-grained identity details while following complex pose and layout modification instructions. Existing methods often struggle with extensive data annotation requirements or employ optimization objectives that are suboptimal for addressing PPT's two key challenges. In this work, we propose PortraitRL, a novel post-training framework that addresses these challenges with a multi-objective reward mechanism. Specifically, we employ LVLM-based reward functions to effectively evaluate PPT's two challenges and apply within-group standardization to eliminate scale differences, allowing these rewards to effectively guide optimization. More importantly, we devise a novel reinforcement learning algorithm, Negative-aware Score Preference Optimization (NaSPO), which automatically identifies positive and negative preference samples through within-group advantages, eliminating annotation requirements while fully leveraging both positive and negative learning signals. Extensive experiments show state-of-the-art performance, with significant improvements in both detail preservation and editing accuracy.

General Machine Learning · Evaluation

Kabir Kang, Steve Mussmann

Standard classification treats all errors equally, but in content moderation, medical screening, and safety-critical applications, mistakes on clear-cut cases are far more costly than errors on ambiguous ones. We propose normalized excess cost (NEC), a metric that weights classification errors by per-example costs and reduces to standard error rate when costs are uniform. Costs can derive from annotator vote margins, distance from decision thresholds, or confidence ratings. Across text, image, and tabular benchmarks, we find that NEC is often substantially lower than error rate—models with 5% error rate can achieve 1.8% NEC—revealing that most mistakes concentrate on ambiguous, low-cost examples. However, incorporating costs into training via loss weighting, sampling strategies, or regression yields inconsistent benefits: improvements appear only when costs are predictable from input features, as in our synthetic control, while real-world datasets show mixed or negligible gains. Our framework provides a practical methodology for deriving and evaluating instance-level misclassification costs, even when cost-sensitive training offers limited benefit.

Deep Learning · Large Language Models

Shihao Wang, Jiahao Chen, Yanqi Pan, Hao Huang, Yichen Hao, Xiangyu Zou, Wen Xia, Chongyang Qiu, Wentao Zhang, PengFei Wang

The prefill stage of long-context Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is severely bottlenecked by computational overhead. To mitigate this, recent methods assemble pre-calculated KV caches of retrieved RAG documents (by a *user query*) and reprocess selected tokens to recover cross-attention between these pre-calculated KV caches. However, we identify a fundamental ``crowding-out effect'' in current token selection criteria: globally salient but *user-query*-irrelevant tokens saturate the limited recomputation budget, displacing the tokens truly essential for answering the *user query* and degrading inference accuracy. We propose ProphetKV, a user-query-driven KV Cache reuse method for RAG scenarios. ProphetKV dynamically prioritizes tokens based on their semantic relevance to the *user query* and employs a dual-stage recomputation pipeline to fuse layer-wise attention metrics into a high-utility set. By ensuring the recomputation budget is dedicated to bridging the informational gap between retrieved context and the *user query*, ProphetKV achieves high-fidelity attention recovery with minimal overhead. Our extensive evaluation results show that ProphetKV retains 96\%–101\% of full-prefill accuracy with only a 20\% recomputation ratio, while achieving accuracy improvements of 8.8\%–24.9\% on RULER and 18.6\%–50.9\% on LongBench over the state-of-the-art approaches (e.g., CacheBlend, EPIC, and KVShare).

Applications · Computer Vision

Jingjing Liu, Ziye Huang, Zihao Cheng, Zeming Liu, Jiahong Wu, Yuhang Guo, Kehai Chen, Yunhong Wang, Haifeng Wang

While Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents have shown promising performance in automated device interaction, they primarily depend on static parametric knowledge from pre-training or instruction tuning. This reliance fundamentally limits their ability to handle long-tailed tasks that require explicit procedural knowledge absent from model parameters, often forcing agents to resort to inefficient and brittle trial-and-error exploration. To mitigate this limitation, we introduce Proactive Document-Guided Action for GUI agents in dynamic, open-web environments, a novel paradigm that mirrors human problem-solving by enabling agents to autonomously search for relevant documentation to resolve long-tailed tasks. To evaluate agents' capability in this paradigm, we propose DocOS, a benchmark designed to assess document-guided problem solving in fully interactive environments. DocOS requires agents to autonomously navigate a web browser, locate relevant online documentation, comprehend procedural instructions, and faithfully ground them into executable GUI actions. Extensive experiments reveal that progress is strictly constrained by dual bottlenecks: agents struggle to reliably locate relevant information during proactive search and frequently fail to faithfully ground retrieved instructions into precise actions, pointing toward document-guided interaction as a crucial pathway for enabling self-evolving GUI agents in dynamic environments.

Social Aspects · Safety

Jiahui Guang, Yingjie Zhu, Haiyan Wang, Cuiyun Gao, Jing Li, Di Shao, Zhaoquan Gu

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) inevitably memorize sensitive cross-modal information during pretraining, making post-deployment unlearning crucial for safety. Existing methods often evaluate unlearning based on output deviations, neglecting generation quality, which can lead to hallucinations or rigid refusals, compromising usability and safety. We propose Activation Steering Meets Reinforcement Unlearning for Multimodal Large Language Models (ASRU), a novel, controllable multimodal unlearning framework that considers generation quality as a key evaluation metric. ASRU first constructs an initial model exhibiting refusal-style responses via activation redirection. It then reinforces the refusal boundary using a customized reward function, effectively unlearning target knowledge while retaining non-target knowledge. Experimental results show that ASRU preserves model utility while markedly enhancing unlearning (+24.61%) and generation quality (5.8×), achieving strong generalization and an efficient forget–retain trade-off with minimal retained supervision.

Applications · Health / Medicine

Haoyang Luan, Gufeng Yu, Letian Chen, Zhenran Xiao, Yueshan Huang, Junkun Guo, Yang Yang

The *de novo* generation of high-affinity epitopes tailored to specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins is a pivotal challenge in computational immunotherapy. However, current methods struggle to effectively integrate the MHC context into the generation process, and often fail to guarantee high binding affinity due to the neglect of discriminative signals from non-binders. To bridge these gaps, we present **EpiCoCo**, a probabilistic framework for **Epi**tope generation via MHC-context **Co**-modeling and **Co**ntrastive affinity learning. EpiCoCo treats the pMHC complex as a dynamic, co-adaptive system by operating on the joint E(3) graph. In addition, we introduce Contrastive Affinity Guidance (CAG), an inference mechanism that leverages the gradient difference between learned high- and low-affinity distributions. CAG actively drives the generation trajectory towards high-affinity manifolds while utilizing repulsive signals to filter out candidates with poor binding potential. Extensive evaluations demonstrate that EpiCoCo achieves a mean binding free energy of -45.20 REU, a 23% improvement over the state-of-the-art, while maintaining high structural plausibility. The results validate that context co-modeling and negative-informed guidance are essential for generating valid, high-potency immunotherapeutics.

Reinforcement Learning · Everything Else

Yannik Schnitzer, Mathias Jackermeier, Alessandro Abate, David Parker

Multi-task reinforcement learning trains generalist policies that can execute multiple tasks. While recent years have seen significant progress, existing approaches rarely provide formal performance guarantees, which are indispensable when deploying policies in safety-critical settings. We present an approach for computing high-confidence guarantees on the performance of a multi-task policy on tasks not seen during training. Concretely, we introduce a new generalisation bound that composes (i) per-task lower confidence bounds from finitely many rollouts with (ii) task-level generalisation from finitely many sampled tasks, yielding a high-confidence guarantee for new tasks drawn from the same arbitrary and unknown distribution. Across state-of-the-art multi-task RL methods, we show that the guarantees are theoretically sound and informative at realistic sample sizes.

Applications · Computer Vision

Ruihao Xia, Yang Tang, Pan Zhou

3D editing—the task of locally modifying the geometry or appearance of a 3D asset—has wide applications in immersive content creation, digital entertainment, and AR/VR. However, unlike 2D editing, it remains challenging due to the need for cross-view consistency, structural fidelity, and fine-grained controllability. Existing approaches are often slow, prone to geometric distortions, or dependent on manual and accurate 3D masks that are error-prone and impractical. To address these challenges, we advance both the data and model fronts. On the data side, we introduce 3DEditVerse, the largest paired 3D editing benchmark to date, comprising 116,309 high-quality training pairs and 1,500 curated test pairs. Built through complementary pipelines of pose-driven geometric edits and foundation model-guided appearance edits, 3DEditVerse ensures edit locality, multi-view consistency, and semantic alignment. On the model side, we propose 3DEditFormer, a 3D-structure-preserving transformer. By enhancing image-to-3D generation with dual-guidance attention and time-adaptive gating, 3DEditFormer disentangles editable regions from preserved structure, enabling precise and consistent edits without requiring auxiliary 3D masks. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our framework outperforms state-of-the-art baselines both quantitatively and qualitatively, establishing a new standard for practical and scalable 3D editing. Dataset and code will be released. Project: https://anonymousresearch37.github.io/3DEditFormer/

Deep Learning · Theory

Léa Bohbot, Cyril Letrouit, Gabriel Peyré, François-Xavier Vialard

As context windows in large language models continue to expand, it is essential to characterize how attention behaves at extreme sequence lengths. We introduce token-sample complexity: the rate at which attention computed on $n$ tokens converges to its infinite-token limit. We estimate finite-$n$ convergence bounds at two levels: pointwise uniform convergence of the attention map, and convergence of moments for the transformed token distribution. For compactly supported (and more generally sub-Gaussian) distributions, our first result shows that the attention map converges uniformly on a ball of radius $R$ at rate $C(R)/\sqrt{n}$, where $C(R)$ grows exponentially with $R$. For large $R$, this estimate loses practical value, and our second result addresses this issue by establishing convergence rates for the moments of the transformed distribution (the token output of the attention layer). In this case, the rate is $C'(R)/n^{\beta}$ with $\beta<\tfrac{1}{2}$, and $C'(R)$ depends polynomially on the size of the support of the distribution. The exponent $\beta$ depends on the attention geometry and the spectral properties of the tokens distribution. We also examine the regime in which the attention parameter tends to infinity and the softmax approaches a hardmax, and in this setting, we establish a logarithmic rate of convergence. Experiments on synthetic Gaussian data and real BERT models on Wikipedia text confirm our predictions.

Applications · Everything Else

Tianpeng Bu, Xin Liu, Qihua Chen, Hao Jiang, Shurui Li, hongtao duan, Lu Jiang, lulu hu, Bin Yang, Minying Zhang

While GUI agents have advanced rapidly, they often lack the robustness to recover from their own errors, hindering real-world deployment. To bridge this gap at both the evaluation and data levels, we introduce GUI-RobustEval and propose Robustness-driven Trajectory Synthesis. GUI-RobustEval containing 1,216 executable test cases that systematically measure error recovery capabilities across a broad and realistic spectrum of error modes. At the data level, RoTS is a scalable synthesis framework that creates 800k high quality data via a tree-based pipeline that proactively discovers diverse error modes and synthesizes corresponding recovery steps. Our two models, RoTS-7B and RoTS-32B, fine-tuned on our dataset, both demonstrate significant gains on GUI-RobustEval and traditional GUI benchmarks. Notably, RoTS-32B achieves state-of-the-art performance on OSWorld, with a 47.4% success rate and a 33.8% All-Pass@4 score, indicating that the enhanced long-horizon error recovery ability synergistically boosts robustness and overall performance. We will release our benchmark, dataset, and models to facilitate future research.

Bowen Xu, Shaoyu Wu, Hao Jiang, Kai Liu, Xin Chen, lulu hu, Bin Yang

Effective tool use and reasoning are essential capabilities for large reasoning models (LRMs) to address complex real-world problems. Through empirical analysis, we identify a prevalent "Lazy Reasoning" phenomenon, where LRMs frequently engage in repetitive and meaningless reflective reasoning. This occurs primarily due to their inadequate ability to decompose tasks when reasoning in complex tool use scenarios. To address this, we propose a two-stage training framework D-CORE ( Decomposing tasks and Composing Reasoning processes) that first incentivize the LRM’s task decomposition reasoning capability via self-distillation, followed by diversity-aware reinforcement learning (RL) to restore LRM's reflective reasoning capability. D-CORE achieves robust tool-use improvements across diverse benchmarks and model scales. Experiments on BFCLv3 demonstrate superiority of our method: D-CORE-8B reaches 77.7% accuracy, surpassing the best-performing 8B model by 5.7%. Meanwhile, D-CORE-14B establishes a new state-of-the-art at 79.3%, outperforming 70B models despite being 5× smaller. The source code and data sample are in the supplementary material.

Deep Learning · Large Language Models

Hao Jiang, Shurui Li, Tianpeng Bu, Bowen Xu, Xin Liu, Qihua Chen, hongtao duan, lulu hu, Bin Yang, Minying Zhang

Recent advances in online reinforcement learning (RL) for large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated promising performance in complex reasoning tasks. However, they often exhibit an imbalanced exploration–exploitation trade-off, resulting in unstable optimization and sub-optimal performance. We introduce IB-Score, a novel metric grounded in Information Bottleneck (IB) theory that evaluates policy’s exploration-exploitation balance by quantifying the trade-off between step-level reasoning diversity and mutual information shared with the correct answer. Analysis based on IB-Score shows that popular online RL approaches (e.g., GRPO) with common regularization methods fail to consistently maintain balance during training with suboptimal results. To address this, we propose Information Bottleneck-driven Tree-based Policy Optimization (IB-TPO), a principled framework that formulates IB-Score as a fine-grained optimization objective and utilizes a novel IB-guided tree sampling strategy that not only improves the efficiency of online sampling with 50\% more trajectories under same token budget, but also reuses the tree structure for effective IB-Score Monte Carlo estimation. Extensive experiments across standard benchmarks show that our method significantly outperforms GRPO baseline by 2.9% to 3.6% and also outperforms other state-of-the-art online RL approaches.

Deep Learning · Large Language Models

Ivo Petrov, Jasper Dekoninck, Martin Vechev

Large language models (LLMs) have recently shown strong performance on mathematical benchmarks. At the same time, they are prone to hallucination and sycophancy, often providing convincing but flawed proofs for incorrect mathematical statements provided by users. This significantly limits the applicability of LLMs in theorem proving, as verification of these flawed proofs must be done manually by expert mathematicians. However, existing benchmarks that measure sycophancy in mathematics are limited: they focus solely on final-answer problems, rely on very simple and often contaminated datasets, and construct benchmark samples using synthetic modifications that create ill-posed questions. To address these issues, we introduce BrokenMath, the first benchmark for evaluating sycophantic behavior in LLMs within the context of natural language theorem proving. BrokenMath is built from advanced 2025 competition problems, which are perturbed with an LLM to produce false statements and subsequently refined through expert review. We evaluate state-of-the-art LLMs and agentic systems and find that sycophancy is widespread, with the best model, GPT-5, producing sycophantic answers 29% of the time. We further investigate several mitigation strategies, including test-time interventions and supervised fine-tuning on curated sycophantic examples. These approaches reduce, but do not eliminate, sycophancy.

Deep Learning · Large Language Models

Songwen Zhao, Danqing Wang, Kexun Zhang, Jiaxuan Luo, Zhuo Li, Lei Li

Vibe coding is a new programming paradigm in which human engineers instruct large language model (LLM) agents to complete complex coding tasks with little supervision. Although it is increasingly adopted, are vibe coding outputs really safe to deploy in production? To answer this question, we propose SUSVIBES, a benchmark consisting of 200 feature-request software engineering tasks from real-world open-source projects, which, when given to human programmers, led to vulnerable implementations. We evaluate multiple widely used coding agents with frontier models on this benchmark. Disturbingly, all agents perform poorly in terms of software security. Although 61% of the solutions from SWE-Agent with Claude 4 Sonnet are functionally correct, only 10.5% are secure. Further experiments demonstrate that preliminary security strategies, such as augmenting the feature request with vulnerability hints, cannot mitigate these security issues. Our findings raise serious concerns about the widespread adoption of vibe-coding, particularly in security-sensitive applications.