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Mahesh Bhosale, Abdul Wasi, Shantam Srivastava, Shifa Latif, Tianyu Luan, Mingchen Gao, David Doermann, Xuan Gong

While powerful in image-conditioned generation, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) can display uneven performance across demographic groups, highlighting fairness risks. In safety-critical clinical settings, such disparities risk producing unequal diagnostic narratives and eroding trust in AI-assisted decision-making. While fairness has been studied extensively in vision-only and language-only models, its impact on MLLMs remains largely underexplored. To address these biases, we introduce FairLLaVA, a parameter-efficient fine-tuning method that mitigates group disparities in visual instruction tuning without compromising overall performance. By minimizing the mutual information between target attributes, FairLLaVA regularizes the model's representations to be demographic-invariant. The method can be incorporated as a lightweight plug-in, maintaining efficiency with low-rank adapter fine-tuning, and provides an architecture-agnostic approach to fair visual instruction following. Extensive experiments on large-scale chest radiology report generation and dermoscopy visual question answering benchmarks show that FairLLaVA consistently reduces inter-group disparities while improving both equity-scaled clinical performance and natural language generation quality across diverse medical imaging modalities. Code can be accessed at https://github.com/bhosalems/FairLLaVA.

Chengan Che, Chao Wang, Tom Vercauteren, Sophia Tsoka, Luis C. Garcia-Peraza-Herrera

Traditional open-access datasets focusing on surgical procedures are often limited by their small size, typically consisting of fewer than 100 videos and less than 30 hours of footage, which leads to poor model generalization. To address this data limitation, a new dataset called LEMON has been compiled using a novel aggregation pipeline that collects high-resolution videos from online sources. Featuring an extensive collection of over 4K surgical videos totaling 938 hours (85 million frames) of high-quality footage across multiple procedure types, LEMON offers a comprehensive resource surpassing existing alternatives in size and scope, including two novel downstream tasks. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this diverse dataset, we introduce LemonFM, a foundation model pretrained on LEMON using a novel self-supervised augmented knowledge distillation approach. LemonFM consistently outperforms existing surgical foundation models across four downstream tasks and six datasets, achieving significant gains in surgical phase recognition (+9.5pp, +9.4pp, and +8.4pp in Jaccard on AutoLaparo, M2CAI16, and Cholec80), surgical action recognition (+4.4pp in mAP on CholecT50), surgical tool presence detection (+5.3pp and +10.2pp in mAP on Cholec80 and GraSP), and surgical semantic segmentation (+10.3pp in mDice on CholecSeg8k). LEMON and LemonFM will serve as foundational resources for the research community and industry, accelerating progress in developing autonomous robotic surgery systems and ultimately contributing to safer and more accessible surgical care worldwide. Dataset, code, and models are publicly available at https://github.com/visurg-ai/LEMON.

Muhammad Naseer Subhani

Interactive segmentation models such as the Segment Anything Model (SAM) have demonstrated remarkable generalization on natural images, but they perform suboptimally on remote sensing imagery (RSI) due to severe domain shifts and the scarcity of dense annotations. To address this limitation, we propose a point-supervised, self-prompting framework that adapts SAM to RSI using only sparse point annotations. Our method employs a Refine-Requery-Reinforce loop, in which coarse pseudo-masks are generated from initial points (Refine), improved with self-constructed box prompts (Requery), and embeddings are aligned with Soft Semantic Alignment (SSA) to mitigate error propagation. (Reinforce). Without relying on full-mask supervision, our approach progressively enhances SAM's segmentation quality and domain robustness through self-guided prompt adaptation. We evaluate our proposed method on three RSI benchmark datasets, WHU, HRSID, and NWPU VHR-10, demonstrating that it consistently outperforms pretrained SAM and recent point-supervised segmentation methods. Compared to the fully supervised model, our approach reduces the performance gap to 1.3% (WHU), 4.9% (HRSID), and 8.5% (NWPU) while relying only on 1-point annotations. Our results demonstrate that self-prompting and semantic alignment provide an efficient path towards scalable, point-level adaptation of foundation segmentation models for remote sensing applications.

Ye-Chan Kim, SeungJu Cha, Si-Woo Kim, Minju Jeon, Hyungee Kim, Dong-Jin Kim

Weakly-Supervised Dense Video Captioning aims to localize and describe events in videos trained only on caption annotations, without temporal boundaries. Prior work introduced an implicit supervision paradigm based on Gaussian masking and complementary captioning. However, existing method focus merely on generating non-overlapping masks without considering their semantic relationship to corresponding events, resulting in simplistic, uniformly distributed masks that fail to capture semantically meaningful regions. Moreover, relying solely on ground-truth captions leads to sub-optimal performance due to the inherent sparsity of existing datasets. In this work, we propose SAIL, which constructs semantically-aware masks through cross-modal alignment. Our similarity-aware training objective guides masks to emphasize video regions with high similarity to their corresponding event captions. Furthermore, to guide more accurate mask generation under sparse annotation settings, we introduce an LLM-based augmentation strategy that generates synthetic captions to provide additional alignment signals. These synthetic captions are incorporated through an inter-mask mechanism, providing auxiliary guidance for precise temporal localization without degrading the main objective. Experiments on ActivityNet Captions and YouCook2 demonstrate state-of-the-art performance on both captioning and localization metrics.

Miro Miranda, Deepak Pathak, Patrick Helber, Benjamin Bischke, Hiba Najjar, Francisco Mena, Cristhian Sanchez, Akshay Pai, Diego Arenas, Matias Valdenegro-Toro 等

Crop yield prediction requires substantial data to train scalable models. However, creating yield prediction datasets is constrained by high acquisition costs, heterogeneous data quality, and data privacy regulations. Consequently, existing datasets are scarce, low in quality, or limited to regional levels or single crop types, hindering the development of scalable data-driven solutions. In this work, we release YieldSAT, a large, high-quality, and multimodal dataset for high-resolution crop yield prediction. YieldSAT spans various climate zones across multiple countries, including Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and Germany, and includes major crop types, including corn, rapeseed, soybeans, and wheat, across 2,173 expert-curated fields. In total, over 12.2 million yield samples are available, each with a spatial resolution of 10 m. Each field is paired with multispectral satellite imagery, resulting in 113,555 labeled satellite images, complemented by auxiliary environmental data. We demonstrate the potential of large-scale and high-resolution crop yield prediction as a pixel regression task by comparing various deep learning models and data fusion architectures. Furthermore, we highlight open challenges arising from severe distribution shifts in the ground truth data under real-world conditions. To mitigate this, we explore a domain-informed Deep Ensemble approach that exhibits significant performance gains. The dataset is available at https://yieldsat.github.io/.

Tengjin Weng, Wenhao Jiang, Jingyi Wang, Ming Li, Lin Ma, Zhong Ming

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable performance across a wide range of vision-language tasks. However, their ability in low-level visual perception, particularly in detecting fine-grained visual discrepancies, remains underexplored and lacks systematic analysis.In this work, we introduce OddGridBench, a controllable benchmark for evaluating the visual discrepancy sensitivity of MLLMs. OddGridBench comprises over 1,400 grid-based images, where a single element differs from all others by one or multiple visual attributes such as color, size, rotation, or position.Experiments reveal that all evaluated MLLMs, including open-source families such as Qwen3-VL and InternVL3.5, and proprietary systems like Gemini-2.5-Pro and GPT-5, perform far below human levels in visual discrepancy detection. We further propose OddGrid-GRPO, a reinforcement learning framework that integrates curriculum learning and distance-aware reward. By progressively controlling the difficulty of training samples and incorporating spatial proximity constraints into the reward design, OddGrid-GRPO significantly enhances the model's fine-grained visual discrimination ability.We hope OddGridBench and OddGrid-GRPO will lay the groundwork for advancing perceptual grounding and visual discrepancy sensitivity in multimodal intelligence.All resources will be publicly released upon acceptance.

Pengchong Hu, Zhizhong Han

3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) has made remarkable progress in RGBD SLAM. Current methods usually use 3D Gaussians or view-tied 3D Gaussians to represent radiance fields in tracking and mapping. However, these Gaussians are either too flexible or too limited in movements, resulting in slow convergence or limited rendering quality. To resolve this issue, we adopt pixel-aligned Gaussians but allow each Gaussian to adjust its position along its ray to maximize the rendering quality, even if Gaussians are simplified to improve system scalability. To speed up the tracking, we model the depth distribution around each pixel as a Gaussian distribution, and then use these distributions to align each frame to the 3D scene quickly. We report our evaluations on widely used benchmarks, justify our designs, and show advantages over the latest methods in view rendering, camera tracking, runtime, and storage complexity. Please see our project page for code and videos at https://machineperceptionlab.github.io/SGAD-SLAM-Project.

Zhan Wang, Leiquan Wang, Chunlei Wu, Yu Meng

Image denoising is a fundamental task in computer vision aimed at recovering clean images from noise-corrupted observations. While supervised deep learning methods achieve remarkable performance when trained on paired data with known noise levels, their real-world applicability is limited as noise characteristics are often unknown. Existing unsupervised techniques, such as blind-spot networks or methods based on statistical estimation, either compromise performance due to information loss or suffer from inaccuracies in noise level estimation. To address these challenges, we propose a novel two-stage self-supervised denoising framework that first accurately estimates the noise level directly from noisy images, without requiring clean references or prior noise knowledge. Building upon theoretical insights from Noisier2Noise, we rigorously derive a relationship between the noise level and the variance of the denoised image, enabling robust estimation via a deep learning model and a ternary search strategy. The estimated noise level is then used to synthesize training pairs for supervised denoising. Experiments demonstrate that our method outperforms existing unsupervised approaches and traditional noise estimation techniques, achieving performance competitive with--and in some cases surpassing--supervised methods trained with known noise levels. The proposed framework effectively overcomes the training data pair limitations of supervised approaches for unknown additive white Gaussian noise. Our code is available at https://github.com/zhanzhanblue/CANC.

Cheng Liang, Haoxian Chen, Liang Hou, Qi Fan, Gangshan Wu, Xin Tao, Limin Wang

The quadratic complexity of the attention mechanism severely limits the context scalability of Video Diffusion Transformers (DiTs). We find that the highly sparse spatio-temporal attention patterns exhibited in Video DiTs can be naturally represented by the Monarch matrix. It is a class of structured matrices with flexible sparsity, enabling sub-quadratic attention via an alternating minimization algorithm. Accordingly, we propose VMonarch, a novel attention mechanism for Video DiTs that enables efficient computation over the dynamic sparse patterns with structured Monarch matrices. First, we adapt spatio-temporal Monarch factorization to explicitly capture the intra-frame and inter-frame correlations of the video data. Second, we introduce a recomputation strategy to mitigate artifacts arising from instabilities during alternating minimization of Monarch matrices. Third, we propose a novel online entropy algorithm fused into FlashAttention, enabling fast Monarch matrix updates for long sequences. Extensive experiments demonstrate that VMonarch achieves comparable or superior generation quality to full attention on VBench after minimal fine-tuning. It overcomes the attention bottleneck in Video DiTs, reduces attention FLOPs by a factor of 17.5, and achieves a speedup of over 5 times in attention computation for long videos, surpassing state-of-the-art sparse attention methods at 90% sparsity.

Shilei Cao, Ziyang Gong, Hehai Lin, Yang Liu, Jiashun Cheng, Xiaoxing Hu, Haoyuan Liang, Guowen Li, Chengwei Qin, Hong Cheng 等

In Remote Sensing (RS), Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) has emerged as a key approach to activate the generalizable representation ability of foundation models for downstream tasks. However, existing specialized PEFT methods often fail when applied to large-scale Earth observation tasks, as they are unable to fully handle the multifaceted and unpredictable domain gaps (e.g., spatial, semantic, and frequency shifts) inherent in RS data. To overcome this, we propose CrossEarth-Gate, which introduces two primary contributions. First, we establish a comprehensive RS module toolbox to address multifaceted domain gaps, comprising spatial, semantic, and frequency modules. Second, we develop a Fisher-guided adaptive selection mechanism that operates on this toolbox. This selection is guided by Fisher Information to quantify each module's importance by measuring its contribution to the task-specific gradient flow. It dynamically activates only the most critical modules at the appropriate layers, guiding the gradient flow to maximize adaptation effectiveness and efficiency. Comprehensive experiments validate the efficacy and generalizability of our method, where CrossEarth-Gate achieves state-of-the-art performance on 16 out of 18 cross-domain benchmarks for RS semantic segmentation.

Yang Zhou, Ping Ni, Jin Wang, Senyun Jia, Jingdan Yan, Kaixiang Huang, Guodong Lu, Jingru Yang, Shengfeng He

Human sketches provide a compact and expressive form of visual communication, but their sparse structural cues, while capturing essential object structures, introduce ambiguity because a single sketch can correspond to multiple plausible images, making cross-domain alignment uncertain and unstable. Such ambiguity fundamentally limits sketch-based vision tasks that rely on precise sketch--image correspondence. To address this challenge, we introduce AmbiScore, a metric that quantifies the ambiguity of sketch-image pairs, and use Zero-Shot Sketch-Based Image Retrieval (ZS-SBIR) as a testbed to reveal how ambiguous supervision leads to performance collapse in existing methods. We further propose DisAmb (Disentangling Ambiguity), a framework that explicitly models and mitigates ambiguity through two components: (1) Elastic Matching, which adaptively adjusts supervision strength using AmbiScore, and (2) Purified Matching, which employs ambiguity-agnostic masks to disentangle structure and appearance via shape jigsaw and texture swapping. DisAmb establishes new benchmarks under high ambiguity and provides a robust, transferable supervisory signal for downstream sketch-guided tasks.

Xianhan Zeng, Xiaoxiao Hu, Sheng Li, Zhenxing Qian, Xinpeng Zhang

Recent advances in generative models have enabled the creation of high-fidelity human faces, yet constructing reliable virtual identities that preserve user privacy while supporting consistent and verifiable identity assignment remains challenging. In this paper, we propose a diffusion-based framework for generating traceable virtual identities that maintains stable identity semantics while preserving pose and expression. Our framework couples a virtual identity sampler that generates diverse yet consistent identity embeddings with a 3D geometric and expression conditioning module that preserves the pose and non-identity characteristics of the input face. In addition, we incorporate a lightweight latent watermarking mechanism that embeds an imperceptible identity signature during generation, enabling a user to verify ownership of the resulting virtual identity through a secure token without revealing their real facial appearance. Quantitative evaluations demonstrate that our method achieves high virtual identity consistency, strong pose and expression fidelity, and improved anonymity compared with prior works. These results validate the effectiveness of integrating virtual identity sampling, geometric conditioning, and latent watermarking into a single generative framework, and highlight the practical potential of our solution for constructing privacy-aware virtual identities.

Chenshuang Zhang, Kyeong Seon Kim, Chengxin Liu, Tae-Hyun Oh

Despite the success of audio-visual large-language models (LLMs), they can produce plausible but ungrounded outputs, termed hallucination. Existing benchmarks focus on environmental sounds (e.g., dog barking) to indicate event occurrence. In contrast, human speech carries fundamentally different, rich semantics and temporal structures, yet it remains unexplored whether current models can accurately align speech content with corresponding visual signals. In this work, we show that speech content can induce hallucinations in audio-visual LLMs. To systematically study this, we introduce SVHalluc, the first comprehensive benchmark for evaluating speech-vision hallucination in audio-visual LLMs. Our benchmark diagnoses speech-vision hallucinations from two critical and complementary aspects: semantic and temporal. Experimental results demonstrate that state-of-the-art open-source audio-visual LLMs struggle with aligning speech content with corresponding visual signals, with a near-random accuracy on multiple tasks. In contrast, Gemini-2.5 Pro significantly outperforms the open-source models. Our analysis suggests that their failures stem from limited ability in cross-modality understanding, despite strong performance in single-modality perception. Our work uncovers a new and fundamental limitation of current audio-visual LLMs and highlights the need for speech-grounded video comprehension. Project page: https://chenshuang-zhang.github.io/projects/svhalluc/.

Jinpeng Liu, Yukang Xu, Yutong Li, Xingyu Liu

Reconstructing humans and their surrounding environments in a globally consistent 4D space is essential for comprehensive perception. However, prior works typically assume single-view inputs or decouple humans, scenes, and cameras, making them unable to recover coherent geometry, stable motion, and physically aligned trajectories. These limitations motivate us to introduce a new task: unified human-scene-camera reconstruction from multi-view videos, which aims to jointly estimate dynamic humans, static scenes, and camera poses in one global coordinate frame. We propose TROPHIES--Temporal Reconstruction of Places, Humans, and Cameras from Multi-view Videos--a unified framework tailored for this task. TROPHIES features a Human Branch that models human through temporal and spatial reasoning, and a Scene Branch that reconstructs static geometry with human-aware attention. A global alignment and optimization module couples both branches by enforcing scale consistency, contact priors, and cross-view temporal coherence. Experiments on EgoHuman and EgoExo4D demonstrate that TROPHIES achieves globally aligned, physically plausible 4D reconstructions and consistently outperforms existing paradigms in both global fidelity and human-scene consistency.

Xianbing Zhao, Lan Luo, Hengyang Lu, Buzhou Tang

Multimodal Sentiment Analysis (MSA) aims to integrate textual, acoustic, and visual information to predict sentiment polarity. With the emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs), existing studies commonly employ learnable queries to compress audio-visual representations and feed them as soft prompts into LLMs for MSA. However, due to the implicit learning mechanism of the learnable queries, these learnable queries lack explicit guidance regarding how each query encodes sentiment semantics. To address this issue, we propose a prototype-as-prompt framework that maps audio-visual representations into a fixed set of multimodal sentiment prototypes. These prototypes are then used as soft prompts to guide the LLM in performing MSA. Concretely, we first compress both textual and non-textual features into multimodal prototypes using a resampling-based strategy. We further introduce a sentiment-aware prototype learning that explicitly binds multimodal prototypes with sentiment semantics. To ensure both cross-modal consistency and intra-modal diversity of multimodal sentiment prototypes, we design a cross-modal prototype alignment constraint and a distance-weighted prototype diversity constraint. Extensive experiments across three LLMs and four benchmark datasets show that PaP achieves superior performance with only 0.09%-0.26% of trainable parameters, highlighting its effectiveness and parameter efficiency.

Boshu Lei, Wen Jiang, Kostas Daniilidis

Grasping in a densely cluttered environment is a challenging task for robots. Previous methods tried to solve this problem by actively gathering multiple views before grasp pose generation. However, they either overlooked the importance of the grasp distribution for information gain estimation or relied on the projection of the grasp distribution, which ignores the structure of grasp poses on the SE(3) manifold. To tackle these challenges, we propose a calibrated energy-based model for grasp pose generation and an active view selection method that estimates information gain from grasp distribution. Our energy-based model captures the multi-modality nature of grasp distribution on the SE(3) manifold. The energy level is calibrated to the success rate of grasps so that the predicted distribution aligns with the real distribution. The next best view is selected by estimating the information gain for grasp from the calibrated distribution conditioned on the reconstructed environment, which could efficiently drive the robot to explore affordable parts of the target object. Experiments on simulated environments and real robot setups demonstrate that our model could successfully grasp objects in a cluttered environment with limited view budgets compared to previous state-of-the-art models. Our simulated environment can serve as a reproducible platform for future research on active grasping. The source code of our paper will be made public when the paper is released to the public.

Danxu Liu, Di Wang, Hebaixu Wang, Haoyang Chen, Wentao Jiang, Yilin Cheng, Haonan Guo, Wei Cui, Jing Zhang

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery plays a critical role in all-weather, day-and-night remote sensing applications. However, existing SAR-oriented deep learning is constrained by data scarcity, while the physically grounded speckle noise in SAR imagery further hampers fine-grained semantic representation learning. To address these challenges, we propose SARMAE, a Noise-Aware Masked Autoencoder for self-supervised SAR representation learning. Specifically, we construct SAR-1M, the first million-scale SAR dataset, with additional paired optical images, to enable large-scale pre-training. Building upon this, we design Speckle-Aware Representation Enhancement (SARE), which injects SAR-specific speckle noise into Masked Autoencoder to facilitate noise-aware and robust representation learning. Furthermore, we introduce Semantic Anchor Representation Constraint (SARC), which leverages paired optical priors to align SAR features and ensure semantic consistency. Extensive experiments across multiple SAR datasets demonstrate that SARMAE achieves state-of-the-art performance on classification, detection, and segmentation tasks. Code, data, and models are available at https://github.com/MiliLab/SARMAE.

Jieren Deng, Zhizhang Hu, Ziyan He, Aleksandar Cvetkovic, Pak Kiu Chung, Dragomir Yankov, Chiqun Zhang

Modern mapping tools remain fundamentally point-and-click systems, offering limited support for interactive, multimodal engagement with either map views or real-world camera inputs. This limitation becomes most apparent in the last 100 meters of navigation and during in-situ local discovery, where users naturally combine spatial reasoning over maps with egocentric perception of their surroundings. We introduce IMAIA, an interactive geospatial assistance framework that unifies three core capabilities: (1) map-centric spatial understanding, (2) camera-to-place grounding, and (3) human-centered, bearing-aware navigation. IMAIA consists of two interoperable components--Maps Plus and PAISA--coordinated by a lightweight multi-agent orchestrator. Maps Plus converts vector and satellite maps into a grid-aligned representation that enables flexible, view-conditioned spatial queries. PAISA fuses camera imagery with geospatial signals such as location, heading, and proximity to interpret egocentric scenes and surface relevant attributes of nearby places. The framework is fully modular: vision-language backends can be replaced without altering system behavior. IMAIA enables responsive, interpretable, and context-aware assistance across both map-based and real-world interactions, supporting a new class of interactive mapping experiences that are practical for real-world deployment.

Jian Yu, Yujian Feng, Shuai You, Zhongkai Zhou, Fei Wu, Zhengjun Jing, Yimu Ji

Occluded visible-infrared person re-identification (Occluded VI-ReID) remains difficult due to modality heterogeneity and occlusions, both of which break structural consistency and weaken cross-modality feature alignment. Existing methods rely mainly on spatial-domain cues (such as local body parts and salient patches), but their discriminability degrades severely under varying imaging conditions or partial visibility. To address these issues, we introduce a spatial-frequency collaborative perspective that offers global perception and cross-location consistency. Specifically, we propose a Spatial-Frequency Collaborative Learning (SFCL) framework that uses frequency information to complement spatial representations. SFCL comprises a Cross-Modality Frequency Alignment Module (CFAM), a Spatial-Frequency Interaction Module (SFIM), and a Frequency-Aware Discriminative (FAD) loss. The CFAM models the spectral features of visible/infrared images in the frequency domain, establishing modality-consistent spectral priors. The SFIM injects these priors into spatial features, promoting dual-domain interaction and complementary representations of spatial and frequency semantics. In addition, the FAD loss jointly enforces cross-modality frequency alignment and semantic consistency, thus enhancing robustness and discriminability under occlusions. For real-occlusion evaluation, we construct two occluded datasets, Occ-SYSU-MM01 and Occ-RegDB, on which SFCL outperforms the state-of-the-art.

Tianbo Pan, Xingyi Yang, Xinchao Wang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) incorporating 3D geometry demonstrate significant power in 3D scene understanding. Their primary bottleneck, however, is the substantial computational burden associated with processing multi-view, lengthy visual token sequences. To surmount this challenge, we propose Merge3D, a geometry-aware token merging framework that integrates both 3D geometry and 2D semantic information. Conventional 2D compression methods, which rely solely on semantic signals, prove inadequate for 3D tasks, as they tend to discard spatially critical tokens and damage grounding performance. Merge3D bridges the modalities with a Semantic-Geometric Token Merger (SemGeo Merger): 2D attention is used to select semantically salient dominant tokens, while a hybrid 2D+3D similarity assigns and aggregates contextual tokens from spatially coherent 3D neighborhoods. This preserves 3D structural priors and inter-frame correspondences under aggressive compression. Merge3D achieves up to 70% visual token reduction and up to ~3xinference speedup, while retaining strong performance on 3D grounding, captioning, and spatial reasoning benchmarks such as Scan2Cap, CV-Bench, and BLINK.